Concepts and formula to Remember

Human Genome Project (HGP):

• Aim: Map and sequence the entire human genome.
• Timeline: Started in 1990, completed in 2003.
• Objectives: Determine DNA base pair sequences, identify and map genes, study gene functions, provide a reference genome.
• Significance: Advanced genetics, identified genes for disorders, personalized medicine, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical development.

DNA Fingerprinting:

• Definition: Forensic technique to identify individuals based on unique DNA patterns.
• Principle: Relies on individual DNA uniqueness (except identical twins) and uses specific DNA regions like STRs.
• Applications: Criminal investigations, paternity testing, immigration cases, wildlife conservation, historical and anthropological research.

Molecular Markers:

• Definition: Identifiable DNA sequences used to track specific genes or alleles.
• Types: SNPs, RFLPs, microsatellites (STRs), AFLPs.
• Applications: Genetic mapping, breeding selection, population genetics, disease diagnosis.