Concepts and formula to Remember

Transcription:

• Introns are non-coding regions in genes, and exons contain coding information.
• The 5’ cap on mRNA protects it and helps in transport and translation.
• Processing includes capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
• The first nucleotide in transcription is adenine (A).
• Substrates for transcription are ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs).

Translation:

• Translation is protein synthesis from mRNA.
• Proteins are essential biomolecules with various functions.
• There are 20 types of amino acids with unique properties.
• Protein structure has four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
• Three nucleotides (codon) specify one amino acid.
• The genetic code is universal, redundant, and non-overlapping.
• The ribosome is composed of approximately 80 different proteins, along with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.

Process of Translation:

• Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination.
• tRNA is cloverleaf-shaped and carries amino acids.
• Charging of tRNA attaches amino acids to tRNA.
• Initiation starts with ribosome assembly and AUG codon recognition.
• Bacterial ribosomes have 30S and 50S subunits.
• Eukaryotic ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits.