Genetics and Evolution Concepts for JEE and CBSE Exams

Genetics

Mendelian Genetics:

• Mendel’s Laws:

  • Law of uniformity
  • Law of segregation
  • Law of independent assortment

• Dominant and Recessive Alleles:

• Phenotypes and Genotypes

Gene Interactions:

• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• Multiple Alleles

Linkage and Crossing Over:

• Linked Genes:
  • Complete Linkage
  • Incomplete Linkage
• Recombination:

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance:

• Structure of Chromosomes:
• Chromatid
• Centromere
• Telomere
• Types of Chromosomes:
• Autosomes
• Sex chromosomes
• Karyotype
• Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance:
  • Sex chromosomes
  • Sex-linked genes
  • Sex-determination in Human Beings

Genetic Disorders and Pedigree Analysis:

• Types of genetic diseases:

  • Mendelian disorders
  • Chromosomal disorders
  • Multifactorial disorders

• Pedigree Analysis

DNA Structure and Replication:

• Components of DNA:
  • Nucleotides
  • Genes
• DNA Replication:
  • Semi-conservative
  • Continuous on one and discontinuous on the other strand

Evolution

Origin of Life:

• Theories of Origin of Life:
  • Miller-Urey Experiment
  • Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis

Natural Selection:

• Basics:
  • Adaptations
  • Fitness
• Types of Natural Selection:
  • Directional
  • Stabilizing
  • Disruptive

Population Genetics:

• Gene Pool
• Allele frequency
• Genotype frequency
• Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
  • Conditions
  • Significance
• Factors affecting equilibrium:
• Mutation
• Migration
• Non-random mating
• Genetic drift

Mechanisms of Evolution:

• Mutation
• Gene flow
• Genetic drift
• Natural Selection
• Non-random mating
• Genetic Recombination

Speciation and Patterns of Evolution:

• Species Concept
• Mechanisms of Speciation:
  • Allopatric speciation
  • Sympatric speciation
  • Parapatric speciation

Patterns of Evolution:

• Adaptive radiation
• Coevolution
• Convergent evolution -Divergent Evolution

Phylogenetics and Taxonomy:

• Phylogenetics:
  • Methods of Phylogeny Reconstruction
• Taxonomy:
  • Taxonomic Ranks
  • Binomial system