Integral Calculus

Integration Formulas:

FormulaDescription
Power rule$$\int x^n dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C,$$
Logarithmic rule$$\int \frac{1}{x} dx = \ln
Exponential rule$$\int e^x dx = e^x + C.$$
Trigonometric rule
- $$\int \sin x dx = -\cos x + C.$$
- $$\int \cos x dx = \sin x + C.$$
- $$\int \tan x dx = \ln\sec x
- $$\int \csc x dx = -\ln\csc x + \cot x
- $$\int \sec x dx = \ln\sec x + \tan x
Integration by partials$$\int udv = uv - \int vdu,$$ where $u$ and $v$ are functions of $x$ and $du$ and $dv$ are their respective differentials.
Partial fractionsUsed for integrating rational functions.
Improper integralsIntegrals that do not converge absolutely.
Beta function$$\int_0^1 x^{p-1}(1-x)^{q-1} dx,$$ where $p$ and $q$ are positive real numbers.
Gamma function$$\Gamma(z) = \int_0^\infty e^{-t}t^{z-1} dt,$$ where $z$ is a complex number.
Riemann integralProvides a rigorous definition of the integral.
Definite integralsIntegrals with both upper and lower limits of integration.
Integration techniques
- U-substitutionSubstituting a new variable $u = g(x)$ to simplify the integral.
- Integration by trigonometric substitutionUsing trigonometric identities to simplify the integral.
- Integration by rationalizationRewriting the integrand so that the denominator can be factored into a product of linear factors.
- Integration by tabular methodsUsing a table of integrals to find the value of the integral.


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