Exemplar Problems

Question:

Differentiate the following and give examples of each:

Answer:

(a) Innate and acquired immunity:

Innate Immunity:

It is the natural defense mechanism that an organism is born with.

It provides immediate but non-specific protection against a wide range of pathogens.

Examples: Skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, and natural killer cells.

Acquired Immunity (Adaptive Immunity):

It is acquired over time as a result of exposure to pathogens or through vaccination.

It is specific and provides long-lasting protection.

Examples: Antibodies, T cells, and immunological memory.

(b) Active and passive immunity:

Active Immunity:

It is developed by the host’s own immune system in response to exposure to antigens (pathogens or vaccines).

It results in the production of antibodies and memory cells.

Examples: Recovery from an infection or vaccination.

Passive Immunity:

It involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies or immune cells from one individual to another.

It provides immediate but temporary protection.

Examples: Maternal antibodies passed to a newborn through breast milk, or administration of immune serum (e.g., antivenom).