Genetics and Evolution: Molecular Basis of Inheritance – 3
Meaning
graph TD;
Meaning-->Biology;
Biology-->Genetics;
Biology-->Evolution;
Biology-->Cellular_Biology;
Biology-->Ecology;
Genetics-->DNA;
Genetics-->Genes;
Evolution-->Natural_Selection;
Evolution-->Adaptation;
Cellular_Biology-->Cell_Structure;
Cellular_Biology-->Cell_Function;
Ecology-->Ecosystems;
Ecology-->Biodiversity;
Why genome organization is required
graph TD;
A[Why genome organization is required];
B[Efficient DNA replication];
C[Regulation of gene expression];
D[DNA repair mechanisms];
E[Chromosome segregation during cell division];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
Objective
graph TB
Objective --> CellBiology
Objective --> Genetics
Objective --> Ecology
Objective --> Evolution
Objective --> HumanBiology
CellBiology --> CellStructure
CellBiology --> CellFunction
Genetics --> DNA
Genetics --> Genes
Genetics --> Heredity
Ecology --> Ecosystems
Ecology --> Biodiversity
Ecology --> Conservation
Evolution --> NaturalSelection
Evolution --> Speciation
HumanBiology --> Anatomy
HumanBiology --> Physiology
Genome organization in virus
graph TD
A[Genome Organization in Virus]
B[DNA Viruses]
C[RNA Viruses]
D[Single-Stranded]
E[Double-Stranded]
F[Positive Sense]
G[Negative Sense]
H[Segmented]
I[Non-Segmented]
J[Retroviruses]
A --> B
A --> C
B --> D
B --> E
C --> F
C --> G
F --> H
F --> I
G --> H
G --> I
C --> J
How do bacteria, lacking a nucleus,organize and pack their genome into the cell
graph TB
A["How do bacteria, lacking a nucleus, organize and pack their genome into the cell"]
A --> B["Bacteria"]
B --> C["Lacking a Nucleus"]
C --> D["DNA Supercoiling"]
D --> E["Negative Supercoiling"]
D --> F["Positive Supercoiling"]
C --> G["DNA Looping"]
B --> H["Genome Packing"]
H --> I["Nucleoid"]
I --> J["Proteins"]
J --> K["HU Protein"]
J --> L["Fis Protein"]
J --> M["IHF Protein"]
J --> N["H-NS Protein"]
Features of bacterial genome
graph TD;
A[Features of Bacterial Genome];
B[Single Circular Chromosome];
C[Plasmids];
D[Genomic Islands];
E[Operons];
F[High Gene Density];
G[Compact Organization];
H[Less Introns];
I[Horizontal Gene Transfer];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
A-->F;
A-->G;
A-->H;
A-->I;
Genome organization in bacteria
graph TB
A[Genome organization in bacteria]
A --> B[Chromosome]
B --> C[Circular DNA]
B --> D[Supercoiling]
A --> E[Plasmids]
E --> F[Small, circular DNA]
E --> G[Independent replication]
A --> H[Genomic Islands]
H --> I[Horizontal gene transfer]
H --> J[Specialized functions]
A --> K[Transposons]
K --> L[Jumping genes]
K --> M[Insertion sequences]
Enzymes associated with supercoilings
graph TB
A[Enzymes associated with supercoilings]
A --> B[Topoisomerases]
A --> C[DNA Gyrase]
A --> D[Helicases]
B --> E[Type I Topoisomerases]
B --> F[Type II Topoisomerases]
C --> G[Type I DNA Gyrase]
C --> H[Type II DNA Gyrase]
D --> I[Type I Helicases]
D --> J[Type II Helicases]
Chromosome function is influenced by DNA supercoiling
graph TB
A[Chromosome Function]
B[DNA Supercoiling]
C[Influence]
D[Chromosome Structure]
E[Gene Expression]
F[Replication]
G[Transcription]
H[Translation]
I[Cell Division]
A --> B
B --> C
C --> D
D --> E
E --> F
F --> G
G --> H
H --> I
Now lets know about the genome organization in eukaryotes
graph TB
A["Now let's know about the genome organization in eukaryotes"]
A --> B["Chromosomes"]
B --> C["Structure of Chromosomes"]
C --> D["Centromere"]
C --> E["Telomere"]
C --> F["Chromatid"]
B --> G["Number of Chromosomes"]
A --> H["Genes"]
H --> I["Structure of Genes"]
I --> J["Exons"]
I --> K["Introns"]
H --> L["Number of Genes"]
A --> M["DNA"]
M --> N["Structure of DNA"]
N --> O["Double Helix"]
N --> P["Base Pairs"]
M --> Q["DNA Replication"]
Eukaryotic Genome
graph TD;
A[Eukaryotic Genome];
B[DNA];
C[RNA];
D[Proteins];
E[Genes];
F[Chromosomes];
G[Cell Nucleus];
H[Transcription];
I[Translation];
J[Mutation];
K[Genetic Variation];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
A-->F;
A-->G;
B-->H;
C-->I;
D-->J;
E-->K;
Levels of DNA packaging
graph TD;
A[Levels of DNA Packaging];
B[Nucleotide];
C[DNA Strand];
D[Chromatin];
E[Chromosome];
A-->B;
B-->C;
C-->D;
D-->E;
Proteins involved in DNA packaging
graph TD;
A[Proteins involved in DNA packaging];
B[Histones];
C[Protamines];
D[High Mobility Group Proteins];
E[Transition Proteins];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
B-->F[H1];
B-->G[H2A];
B-->H[H2B];
B-->I[H3];
B-->J[H4];
Nucleosome
graph TB
Nucleosome --> Histones
Histones --> H2A
Histones --> H2B
Histones --> H3
Histones --> H4
Nucleosome --> DNA
DNA --> "146 base pairs"
Nucleosome --> "Linker DNA"
"Linker DNA" --> "Variable length"
Formation of chromatin fibre
graph TB
A[Formation of Chromatin Fibre]
B[Nucleosomes]
C[Histone Proteins]
D[DNA]
E[Linker DNA]
F[Higher Order Structures]
G[30 nm Fibre]
H[300 nm Looped Structures]
I[Chromatid]
A --> B
B --> C
B --> D
B --> E
A --> F
F --> G
F --> H
H --> I
Looped domain formation (300nm)
graph TB
A[Looped domain formation (300nm)]
B[Subtopic 1]
C[Subtopic 2]
D[Subtopic 3]
E[Subtopic 4]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
B --> F[Sub-subtopic 1]
B --> G[Sub-subtopic 2]
C --> H[Sub-subtopic 3]
C --> I[Sub-subtopic 4]
D --> J[Sub-subtopic 5]
D --> K[Sub-subtopic 6]
E --> L[Sub-subtopic 7]
E --> M[Sub-subtopic 8]
Formation of Heterochromatin (700nm)
graph TD
A[Formation of Heterochromatin (700nm)]
B[Heterochromatin Type]
C[Function]
D[Structure]
E[Role in Gene Regulation]
F[Associated Diseases]
G[Research Methods]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
A --> F
A --> G
DNA compaction
graph TB
A[DNA Compaction]
B[Chromatin]
C[Nucleosome]
D[30 nm Fiber]
E[300 nm Fiber]
F[Chromosome]
A --> B
B --> C
C --> D
D --> E
E --> F
B -->|Histones| C
C -->|H1 Histone| D
D -->|Loop Domains| E
E -->|Metaphase| F
Formation of Metaphase chromosome (1400nm)
graph TD;
A[Formation of Metaphase chromosome (1400nm)];
B[DNA Replication];
C[Condensation];
D[Cohesion];
E[Arrangement on Metaphase Plate];
A --> B;
B --> C;
C --> D;
D --> E;
Chromosome
graph TB
Chromosome
Chromosome --> Structure
Structure --> Centromere
Structure --> Telomere
Structure --> Arms
Chromosome --> Types
Types --> Autosomes
Types --> Sex_Chromosomes
Chromosome --> Function
Function --> Genetic_Inheritance
Function --> DNA_Packaging
Different parts of chromosome
graph TD;
Chromosome --> Centromere;
Chromosome --> Telomere;
Chromosome --> Short_Arm[P Arm];
Chromosome --> Long_Arm[Q Arm];
Centromere --> Primary_Constriction;
Centromere --> Secondary_Constriction;
Telomere --> Protective_Cap;
Short_Arm --> Heterochromatin;
Short_Arm --> Euchromatin;
Long_Arm --> Heterochromatin;
Long_Arm --> Euchromatin;
Structure of chromosome
graph TD;
A[Structure of Chromosome];
B[Chromatid];
C[Centromere];
D[Telomere];
E[Chromonema];
F[Chromomere];
G[Kinetochore];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
A-->F;
A-->G;
Types of chromosomes
graph TB
A[Types of Chromosomes]
A --> B[Autosomes]
A --> C[Sex Chromosomes]
B --> D[Metacentric]
B --> E[Submetacentric]
B --> F[Acrocentric]
B --> G[Telocentric]
C --> H[X Chromosome]
C --> I[Y Chromosome]
Function of chromosomes
graph TB
A[Function of Chromosomes]
A --> B[Genetic Inheritance]
A --> C[Cell Division]
A --> D[Protein Synthesis]
B --> E[Genes]
C --> F[Mitosis]
C --> G[Meiosis]
D --> H[DNA]
D --> I[Ribosomes]
Lets summarize
graph TD
A[Let's Summarize: Biology]
B[Cell Biology]
C[Genetics]
D[Evolution]
E[Ecology]
F[Anatomy and Physiology]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
A --> F
BETA
