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Chemistry 11
UNIT I: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
- Sub-atomic particles
- Atomic models-Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
- Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom
- Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom
- Towards quantum mechanical model of the atom
- Quantum mechanical model of an atom
- Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom-orbitals and quantum numbers-shapes of atomic orbitals-energies of orbitals-filling of orbitals in atoms
- Aufbau principle
- Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity - Electronic configurations of atoms-Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals
UNIT II: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
- Need to classify elements
- Genesis of periodic classification
- Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table
- Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
- Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
- Electronic configuration and types of elements s,p,d and f blocks
- Trends in physical properties-periodic trends in chemical properties-Periodic trends and chemical reactivity
UNIT III: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
UNIT IV: STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS
- Intermolecular forces
- Thermal energy
- Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions
- The gaseous state
- The gas laws
- Ideal gas equation
- Graham’s law of diffusion
- Dalton’s law of partial pressures
- Kinetic molecular theory of gases
- Kinetc gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation)
- Deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation
- Distribution of molecular speeds - rms
- Average and most probable speeds - kinetic energy of gas molecules
- Behaviour of real gases - deviation from ideal gas behavior - compressibility factor Vs pressure diagrams of real gases
- Liquefaction of gases
- Liquid state - properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions - vapour pressure
- Viscosity and surface tension (Qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivation)
UNIT V: STOICHIOMETRY
- Some basic concepts
- Laws of chemical combinations
- Gay Lussac’s law of Gaseous volumes
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Avogadro law
- Atomic and molecular masses - mole concept and molar mass concept of equivalent weight
- Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds
- Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations
- Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions
- Oxidation number concept
- Types of redox reactions
- Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number method - half reaction (ionelectron)method
- Redox reactions in titrimetry
UNIT VI: THERMODYNAMICS
- Measurement of U and H Calorimetry
- Enthalpy change
- ‘rH’ of reactions
- Spontaneity
- Absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics
UNIT VII: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES
- Heterogeneous equilibria
- Applications of equilibrium constant
- Relationship between equilibrium constant ‘K’
- Reaction Quotient ‘Q’ and Gibbs energy ‘G’
- Acids, bases and salts - Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases
- Ionisation of acids and bases
UNIT VIII: HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
- Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
- Dihydrogen - Occurance and isotopes
- Preparation of dihydrogen
- Properties of dihydrogen
- Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stiochiometric hydrides
- Water: Physical properties
- Structure of water
- Ice chemical properties of water
- Hard and soft water temporary and permanent hardness of water
- Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation
- Physical properties
- Structure and chemical properties
- Storage and uses
- Heavy water
- Hydrogen as a fuel
UNIT IX: s- BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)
- GROUP 1 ELEMENTS: Alkali metals
- Electronic configuration
- Atomic and ionic radii
- Ionization enthalpy
- Hydration enthalpy
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Uses
- General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: oxides; halides; salts of oxy acids
- Anamalous properties of lithium
- Some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate; sodium chloride; sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Biological importance of sodium and potassium
- Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements
- Electronic configuration
- Ionization enthalpy
- Hydration enthalpy
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- uses
- General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals, oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxyacids (carbonates, sulphates and nitrates)
- Anomalous behavior of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
- Some important compounds of calcium
- Biological importance of calcium and magnesium
UNIT X: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)
- Introduction Ac Voltage Applied to a Register Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- AC Voltage Applied to an Capacitor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- Power in AC Circuit
- The Power Factor LC Oscillations Transformers
UNIT XI: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)
- General introduction - Electronic configuration
- Atomic radii
- Ionization enthalpy
- Electro negativity
- Physical & chemical properties
- Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon
- Allotropes of carbon
- Uses of carbon
- Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbonmonoxide
- Carbon dioxide
- Silica
- Silicones
- Silicates and zeolites
UNIT XII: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
- Definition of terms: Air, Water and Soil pollutions
- Environmental pollution
- Atmospheric pollution
- Acid rain: Particulate pollutants
- Stratospheric pollution
- Water pollution
- Soil Pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes
- Strategies to control environmental pollution
- Green chemistry
UNIT XIII: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND HYDROCARBONS
- General introduction
- Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds
- Structural representations of organic compounds
- Classification of organic compounds
- Nomenclature of organic compounds
- Isomerism
- Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms
- Methods of purification of organic compounds
- Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
- Quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
- HYDROCARBONS: Classification of hydrocarbons
- Alkanes - Nomenclature
- Isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only)
- Preparation of alkanes
- Properties of alkanes
- Alkenes - Nomenclature
- Structure of ethane
- Isomerism (structural and geometrical)
- Methods of preparation of alkenes
- Properties of alkenes
- Alkynes - Nomenclature and isomerism
- Structure of acetylene methods of preparation of acetylene
- Physical properties and chemical reactions of alkynes
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism
- Structure of benzene
- Resonance and aromaticity
- Preparation of benzene
- Physical and chemical properties of benzene
- Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene
- Carcinogenicity and toxicity
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