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Physics 12
UNIT I: WAVES
- Introduction
- Transverse and longitudinal waves
- Displacement relation in a progressive wave
- The speed of a travelling wave
- Beats
- Doppler effect
UNIT II: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
- Introduction
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Refraction
- Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
- Refraction through a Prism
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight
- Optical Instrumets
UNIT III: WAVE OPTICS
- Introduction, Huygens Principle
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Diffraction
- Polarisation
UNIT IV: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
- Introduction
- Electric Charges
- Conductors and Insulators
- Charging by Induction
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Forces between Multiple Charges
- Electric Field
- Electric Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Continuous Charge Distribution
UNIT V: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
- Introduction
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential due to a point Charge
- Potential due to an Electric Dipole
- Potential due to a System of Charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Dieletrics and Polarisation
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
- Combination of Capacitor
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Van de Graaff Generator
UNIT VI: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
- Introduction
- Electric Current
- Electric Currents in Conductors
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Electrical Energy
- Power
- Cells
- Emf
- Internal Resistance
- Cells in Series and in Parallel
- Potentiometer
UNIT VII: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNESTISM
- Introduction
- Magnetic Force
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Magnetic Field due to a Current Element
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Amper’s Circuital Law
- The Solenoid and the Toroid
- Force between Two Parallel Currents
- The Ampere (Unit)
- Torque on Current Loop
- Magnetic Dipole
- The Moving Coil Galvanometer
UNIT VIII: MAGNETISM AND MATTER
- Introduction
- The Bar Magnet
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
UNIT IX: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
- Introduction
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Magnetic Flux
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Motional Electromotive Force
- Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study
- Eddy Currents
- Inductance
- AC Generator
UNIT X: ALTERNATING CURRENT
- Introduction
- Ac Voltage Applied to a Register
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- AC Voltage Applied to an Capacitor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
- LC Oscillations
- Transformers
UNIT XI: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
UNIT XII: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
- Introduction
- Electron Emission
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Davisson and Germmer Experiment
UNIT XIII: ATOMS
- Introduction
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- de Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
UNIT XIV: NUCLEI
- Introduction
- Size of the Nucleus
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear Energy
UNIT XV: SEMICONDUCTOR ELCTRONICS: MATERIALS,DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
- Introduction
- Classification of Metals
- Conductors and Semiconductors
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- p-n Junction
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Junction Transistor
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Integrated Circuits
UNIT XVI: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
- Introduction
- Elements of a Communication System
- Basic terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Modulation and its Necessity
- Amplitude Modulation
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
BETA
