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CBSE Syllabus
PHYSICS -11
UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement
- Units of measurements, System of Units, S I Units,
- Fundamental and Derived units
- least count
- significant figures
- Errors in measurements
- Dimensions of Physics quantities, Dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT II: Kinematics
- The frame of reference
- motion in a straight line
- Position- time graph
- speed and velocity
- Uniform and non-uniform motion.
- average speed and instantaneous velocity
- uniformly accelerated motion.
- velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion-
- Scalars and Vectors. Vector Addition and Subtraction, scalar and vector products. Unit Vector. Resolution of a Vector.
- Relative Velocity
- Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion. Uniform Circular Motion.
UNIT III: Laws of Motion
- Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion: Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses: Newton’s Third Law of motion
- Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
- Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
- Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction. rolling friction.
- Dynamics of uniform circular motion.
- Centripetal force
- examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)
UNIT IV: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
- Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
- kinetic and potential energies.
- work-energy theorem
- power.
- The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy.
- conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle:
- Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT V: ROTATIONAL MOTION
- Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body:
- Basic concepts of rotational motion
- moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;
- The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.
- Equilibrium of rigid bodies. rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion ,
- comparison of linear and rotational motions.
UNIT VI: Gravitation
- The universal law of gravitation
- Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
- Kepler’s law of planetary motion
- Gravitational potential energy
- gravitational potential
- Escape velocity
- Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite
UNIT VII: Properties of Solid and Liquids
- Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law.
- Young’s modulus
- bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity.
- Pressure due to a fluid column
- Pascal’s law and its applications.
- Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
- Viscosity. Stokes’ law. terminal velocity,
- streamline and turbulent flow.critical velocity
- Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.
- Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact excess of pressure across a curved surface,
- application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and
- capillary rise Heat,
- temperature, thermal expansion;
- specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat.
- Heat tansfer conduction, convection, and radiation.
UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics
- Thermal equilibrium zeroth law of thermodynamics,
- the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
- The second law of thermodynamics:
- reversible and irreversible processes.
UNIT IX: Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Equation of state of a perfect gas
- work done on compressing a gas
- Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions
- the concept of pressure
- Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules:
- Degrees of freedom
- Law of equipartition of energy
- and applications to specific heat capacities of gases
- Mean free path. Avogadro’s number
UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
- Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation’s phase:
- oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M.- Kinetic and potential energies;
- Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period:
- Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves,
- speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave.
- Principle of superposition of waves
- reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes,
- fundamental mode and harmonics- Beats.
UNIT XI: Electrostatics
- Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
- forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
- Electric field
- Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
- Electric flux. Gauss’s law
- and its applications to find field due to infnitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
- Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge
- electric dipole and system of charges:
- potential difference
- Equipotential surfaces
- Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
- Conductors and insulators.
- Dielectrics and electric polarization
- capacitors and capacitances
- the combination of capacitors in series and parallel
- capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates.
- Energy stored in a capacitor
UNIT XII: Current Electricity
- Electric current. Drift velocity,
- mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law.
- Electrical resistance.
- V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
- Electrical energy and power.
- Electrical resistivity and conductivity.
- Series and parallel combinations of resistors.
- Temperature dependence of resistance.
- Internal resistance
- potential difference and emf of a cell
- a combination of cells in series and parallel.
- Kirchhoffs raws and their applications.
- wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge
UNIT XIII: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
- Ampere’s law and
- its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid.
- Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
- The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere.
- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and
- conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
- Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.
- magnetic field lines
- Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis.
- Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field.
- para- , dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
UNIT XIV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law.
- Induced emf and current:
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.
- Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance:
- LCR series circuit
- resonance
- power in AC circuits wattless current.
- AC generator and
- transformer.
UNIT XV: Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement current.
- Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
- Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays) ,
- Applications of e.m. waves.
UNIT XVI: Optics
- Reflection of light
- spherical mirrors
- mirror formula
- Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
- thin lens formula and
- lens maker formula.
- Total internal reflection and its applications.
- Magnification.
- Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact.
- Refraction of light through a prism.
- Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.
- Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle.
- Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.
- Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
- coherent sources and
- sustained interference of light.
- Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
- Polarization, plane-polarized light Brewster’s law,
- uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid
UNIT XVII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Dual nature of radiation.
- Photoelectric effect Hertz and Lenard’s observations;
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light.
- Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.
UNIT XVIII: Atoms and Nuclei
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- energy level’s hydrogen spectrum
- Composition and size of nucleus
- atomic masses
- Mass-energy relation
- mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
- nuclear fission and
- fusion
UNIT XIX: Electronic Devices
- Semiconductors
- semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,diode as a rectifier
- I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator., Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR)
UNIT XX: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: 1. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel. 2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thicknes/ diameter of thin sheet/wire. 3. Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time. 4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments. 5. Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire. 6. Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents. 7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body. 8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube. 9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures. 10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge. 11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law. 12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method. 13. The focal length of: (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (iii) Convex lens, using the parallax method. 15. The plot of the angle ofdeviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism. 15. Refractive index of a glass slab usinq a travelling microscope. 16. characteristic curves of a p-njunction diode in forward and reverse bias. 17. characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage. 18. Identificationn of Diode, LED. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items Organisms and environment Population interactions mutualism, competition. predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
- Biodiversity and its conservation
- Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity;
- Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book. biosphere reserves, National par s and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.
PHYSICS-12
UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS
- Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
- forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
- Electric field
- Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
- Electric flux. Gauss’s law
- and its applications to find field due to infnitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
- Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge
- electric dipole and system of charges:
- potential difference
- Equipotential surfaces
- Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
- Conductors and insulators.
- Dielectrics and electric polarization
- capacitors and capacitances
- the combination of capacitors in series and parallel
- capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates.
- Energy stored in a capacitor
UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
- Electric current. Drift velocity,
- mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law.
- Electrical resistance.
- V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
- Electrical energy and power.
- Electrical resistivity and conductivity.
- Series and parallel combinations of resistors.
- Temperature dependence of resistance.
- Internal resistance
- potential difference and emf of a cell
- a combination of cells in series and parallel.
- Kirchhoffs raws and their applications.
- wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge
UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
- Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
- Ampere’s law and
- its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid.
- Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
- The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere.
- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and
- conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
- Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.
- magnetic field lines
- Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis.
- Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field.
- para- , dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
- Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law.
- Induced emf and current:
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.
- Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance:
- LCR series circuit
- resonance
- power in AC circuits wattless current.
- AC generator and
- transformer.
UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
- Displacement current.
- Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
- Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays) ,
- Applications of e.m. waves.
UNIT VI: OPTICS
- Reflection of light
- spherical mirrors
- mirror formula
- Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
- thin lens formula and
- lens maker formula.
- Total internal reflection and its applications.
- Magnification.
- Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact.
- Refraction of light through a prism.
- Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.
- Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle.
- Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.
- Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
- coherent sources and
- sustained interference of light.
- Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
- Polarization, plane-polarized light Brewster’s law,
- uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid
UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
- Dual nature of radiation.
- Photoelectric effect Hertz and Lenard’s observations;
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light.
- Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.
UNIT VIII: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- energy level’s hydrogen spectrum
- Composition and size of nucleus
- atomic masses
- Mass-energy relation
- mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
- nuclear fission and
- fusion
UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
- Semiconductors
- semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,diode as a rectifier
- I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator., Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR)
CHEMISTRY-11
UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
- Matter and its nature,
- Dalton’s atomic theory:
- Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound: Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses; mole concept; molar mass; percentage composition; empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry.
UNIT II: STRUCTURE OF ATOM
- Nature of electromagnetic radiation
- photoelectric effect
- Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
- Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates
- derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
- limitations of Bohr’s model
- Dual nature of matter
- de Broglie’s relationship
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of 𝚿 and 𝚿2 with r for ls and 2s orbitals:
- various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance;
- shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals
- electron spin and spin quantum number
- Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
- Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
- electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals’
UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
UNIT IV: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
- Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
- Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
- Covalent Bonding concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment:
- valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
- Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features.
- the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
- Resonance.
- Molecular orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding) sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
- Elementary idea of metallic bonding Hydrogen bonding and its application
UNIT V: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
- Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.
- The first law of thermodynamics -
- concept of work, heat internal energy and
- enthalpy
- heat capacity, molar heat capacity
- Hess’s laws of constant heat summation
- Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution.
- The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes: ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity.
- ΔG° (Standard Gibbs energy change) and
- equiliribrium constant
UNIT VI: EQUILIBRIUM
- Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
- Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry’s law.
- General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
- Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium,
- equilibrium constants (KP and KC) and their significance,
- the significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibrium,
- factors affecting equilibrium - concentration, pressure
- temperature, the effect of catalyst
- Le Chatelier’s principle
- Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and
- ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect,
- hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions,
- the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and
- solubility products,
- buffer solutions.
UNIT VII: REDOX REACTIONS
- Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
- redox reactions
- oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number,
- balancing of redox reactions
- Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions,
- molar conductivities and their variation with concentration:
- Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
- Electrochemical cells -
- Electrolytic and
- Galvanic cells
- different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement:
- Nernst equation and its applications;
- Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change:
- Dry cell and lead accumulator;
- Fuel cells.
UNIT VIII: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
- Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
- Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series:
- Isomerism -
- structural and stereoisomerism
- Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
- Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of earbocations and
- free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
- Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect,
- resonance, and hyperconjugation.
- Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement
UNIT IX: HYDROCARBONS
- Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
- Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane) Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
- Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition:
- addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect)
- Ozonolysis and polymerization.
- Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity,
- Mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration
- Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene
CHEMISTRY-12
UNIT I : SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both)
- the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law -
- Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
- colligative properties of dilute solutions -a relative lowering of vapour pressure
- depression of mass freezing point
- the elevation of boiling point and
- osmotic pressure;
- Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties;
- Abnormal value of molar mass van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT II: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
- Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
- redox reactions
- oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number,
- balancing of redox reactions
- Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions,
- molar conductivities and their variation with concentration:
- Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
- Electrochemical cells -
- Electrolytic and
- Galvanic cells
- different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement:
- Nernst equation and its applications;
- Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change:
- Dry cell and lead accumulator;
- Fuel cells.
UNIT III: CHEMICAL KINETICS
- Rate of a chemical reaction
- factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst;
- elementary and complex reactions,
- order and molecularity of reactions
- rate law
- rate constant and its units,
- differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives,
- the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
- Arrhenius theory
- activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)
UNIT IV: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS
- Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics,
- general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states,
- atomic radii,
- colour, catalytic behaviour,
- magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation;
- Preparation, properties, and uses of K2CrO7, and KMnO4.
UNIT V: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
- Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner’s theory;
- ligands,
- co-ordination number, denticity, chelation;
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism;
- Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory,
- colour and magnetic properties;
- Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)
UNIT VI: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
- General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
- Nature of C-X bond
- Mechanisms of substitution reactions
- Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT.
UNIT VII: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
- Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
- Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
- Ethers: Structure.
UNIT VIII: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
- Aldehyde and Ketones
- Nature of carbonyl group;
- Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones;
- Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives) Grignard reagent;
- oxidation,
- reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
- the acidity of α-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
- Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it
UNIT IX: AMINES
General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
- Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
- Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT X: BIOMOLECULES
- General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
- CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and
- constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
- PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of α-amino acids,
- peptide bond, polypeptides
- Proteins:primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only) denaturation of proteins,
- enzymes.
- VITAMINS — Classification and functions.
- NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
- Biological functions of nucleic acids. Hormones (General introduction)
BIOLOGY-11
UNIT I: DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS
What is living? ;
- Biodiversity Need for classification;; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category) Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)
UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
- Morphology and modifications
- Tissues
- Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants
- stem
- Root
- leaf
- inflorescence- cymose and recemose,
- flower
- fruit and
- seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus) Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae)
- Animal tissues
- Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog) (Brief account only)
UNIT III: CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life;
- Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell Plant cell and animal cell;
- cell membrane, cell wall,Cell envelope
- Cell organelles structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies; lysosomes vacuoles;
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- plastids micro bodies; Cytoskeleton;
- cilia, flagella
- centrioles
- Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin,(ultra structure and function)
- nucleolus
.
- Chemical constituents of living cells:
- Biomolecules-structure and
- function of proteins
- carbodydrates
- lipids, nucleic acids
- Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of anzymes
- B Cell division
- Cell cycle, mitosis,
- meiosis and their significance.
UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition;
- Site of photosynthesis take place
- pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea)
- Photochemical and
- biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
- Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation
- Chemiosmotic hypothesis;
- Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways;
- Factors affecting photosynthesis
- Respiration Exchange gases;
- Cellular respiration-glycolysis
- fermentation (anaerobic)
- TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic)
- Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated
- Amphibolic pathways
- Respiratory quotient.
- Plant growth and development Seed germination;
- Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulatorsauxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;
UNIT V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Breathing and Respiration:
- Respiratory organs in animals (recall only)
- Respiratory system in humans
- Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases
- transport of gases and
- regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes
- Disorders related to respiration-Asthma Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
- Body fluids and circulation:
- Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function
- Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels;
- Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG,
- Double circulation
- Regulation of cardiac activity
- Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
- Excretory products and their elimination
- Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism;
- Human excretory system-structure and fuction
- Urine formation Osmoregulation;
- Regulation of kidney function-Renin-
- angiotensin Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
- Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement
- - ciliary, fiagellar, muscular;
- Skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and
- muscle contraction
- Skeletal system and its functions(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus)
- Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-
- Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout. Neural control and coordination:
- Neuron and nerves
- Nervous system in humans central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system
- Generation and conduction of nerve impulse;
- Chemical coordination and regulation:
- Endocrine glands and hormones
- Human endocrine system
- -Hypothalamus, Pituitary,
- Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads;
- Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea)
- Role of hormones as messengers and regulators
- Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders
- Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism (, Acromegaly,
- Cretinism ,
- goiter , exopthalmic goiter,
- diabetes , Addison’s disease) (Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
BIOLOGY-12
UNIT I: REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
- Flower structure
- Development of male and female gametophytes
- Pollination-types, agencies and examples
- Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction
- Double fertilization
- Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo
- Development of seed and formation of fruit
- Special modes apomixis parthenocarpy, polyembryony
- Significance of seed and fruit formation Human Reproduction:
- Male and female reproductive systems Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
- Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis &
- oogenesis
- Menstrual cycle
- Fertilisation embryo development upto blastocyst formation,
- implantation
- Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea) Parturition (Elementary idea) Lactation (Elementary idea) Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IV F, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)
UNIT II: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
- Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance Deviations from Mendelism
- Incomplete dominance
- Co-dominance
- Multiple alleles and
- Inheritance of blood groups
- Pleiotropy
- Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
- Chromosome theory of inheritance Chromosomes and genes;
- Sex determination-
- In humans
- birds
- honey bee
- Linkage and crossing over
- Sex linked inheritance-
- Haemophilia
- Colour blindness Mendelian disorders in humans-
- Thalassemia
- Chromosomal disorders in humans
- Down’s syndrome
- Turner’s and
- Klinefelter’s syndromes. Molecular basis of Inheritance:
- Search for genetic material and
- DNA as genetic material
- Structure of DNA and
- RNA
- DNA packaging
- DNA replication
- Central dogma
- Transcription
- genetic code
- translation
- Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon
- Genome and human genome project
- DNA finger printing
- protein biosynthesis.
- Evolution: Origin of life
- Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence
- Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
- Mechanism of evolution
- Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and
- Natural Selection with examples
- types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
- Adaptive Radiation
- Human evolution.
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
- Health and Disease; Pathogens
- parasites causing human diseases
- (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm , dengue, chikungunya)
- Basic concepts of immunology -
- vaccines
- Cancer, HIV and AIDS
- Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse
- Microbes in human welfare:
- In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and
- as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers
UNIT IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
- Principles and process of Biotechnology:
- Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology)
- Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture :
- Human insulin and
- vaccine production
- gene therapy
- Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops
- Transgenic Animals
- Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents
UNIT V: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Organisms and environment Population interactions mutualism, competition. predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
- Biodiversity and its conservation
- Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity;
- Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book. biosphere reserves, National par s and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.
MATHEMATICS-11
UNIT I: SETS AND FUNCTIONS
- Sets and their representation: Union, intersection, complement of sets, Power set
- algebraic properties of sets
- Relation
- Type of relations, equivalence relations
- one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions Trigonometric Functions:
- Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions
- inverse trigonometrical functions
- properties of inverse trigonometrical functions
UNIT II: ALGEBRA Complex numbers and quadratic equations:
- Introduction to Complex Numbers, Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals
- Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, modulus
- algebra of complex number,
- Argand diagram,and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number,
- Quadratic equations in real system and their solutions Relations between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots
- the formation of quadratic equations with given roots. Permutations and combinations:
- The fundamental principle of counting
- permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r)
- Simple applications Binomial theorem:
- Binomial theorem for a positive integral index general term and middle term
- simple applications SEQUENCE AND SERIES:
- Arithmetic and Geometric progressions,insertion of arithmetic means between two given numbers
- geometric means between two given numbers
- Relation between A.M and G.M
UNIT-III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Straight line
- Various forms of equations of a line, angles between two lines intersection of lines
- conditions for concurrence of three lines
- the distance of a point from a line co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle. Circle, conic sections
- A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle,its radius
- central equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given
- points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin
- sections of conics, equations of parabola in standard form
- equations of ellipse in standard forms
- equations of hyperbola in standard forms THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
- Coordinates of a point in space,directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines, the distance between two points, section formula
- Skew lines
- the shortest distance between them Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line
UNIT-IV: CALCULUS Limits and derivatives:
- functions, Graphs of simple functions algebra of functions, rational
- polynomial function
- Trigonometric function
- inverse function.
- Limits
- Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- logarithmic Functions & its Derivatives
- Differentiation of Exponential, inverse trigonometric and implicit functions
- Differentiation of composite function
- derivatives of order up to two
- Rate of change of quantities, Applications of derivatives
- increasing and decreasing functions
- Maxima and minima of functions of one variable
UNIT-V STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Statistics:
- Measures of discretion;calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data , mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
- calculation of standard deviation, variance, for grouped and ungrouped data Probability:
- Probability of an event
- addition theorems of probability
- multiplication theorems of probability
- Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate
MATHEMATICS-12
UNIT I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Relations function:
- Relation
- Type of relations, equivalence relations
- one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions Trigonometrical functions:
- Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions
- inverse trigonometrical functions
- properties of inverse trigonometrical functions
UNIT II: ALGEBRA Matrices and determinants:
- Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices,and matrices of order two and three,
- determinants
- evaluation of determinants,Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants
- area of triangles using determinants
- Test of consistency
- solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices.
UNIT III: CALCULAS
- Integral as an anti-derivative, fundamental theorem of calculus
- Fundamental integral involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution
- Integration by parts, and by partial fractions.
- Integration using trigonometric identities.
- Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ,∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
- Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ √𝑎 2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥 .
- The properties of definite integrals.
- Evaluation of definite integrals,
- determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form. Derivatives, continuity, and differentiability:
- functions, Graphs of simple functions algebra of functions, rational
- polynomial function
- Trigonometric function
- inverse function.
- Limits
- continuity and differentiability
- Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- logarithmic Functions & its Derivatives
- Differentiation of Exponential, inverse trigonometric and implicit functions
- Differentiation of composite function
- derivatives of order up to two
- Rate of change of quantities, Applications of derivatives
- increasing and decreasing functions
- Maxima and minima of functions of one variable
UNIT IV: VECTOR AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
- Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors
- components of a vector in two dimensions and threedimensional space
- scalar products
- vector products
- Coordinates of a point in space,directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines, the distance between two points, section formula
- Skew lines
- the shortest distance between them Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line
UNIT-V:LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded) feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)
BETA
