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Biology 12 Biology 12
UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms
- Reproduction
- a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
- Modes of reproduction - Asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction; binary fission
- sporulation
- budding
- gemmule
UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Pollination-types
- agents and significance
- post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo
- development of seeds and fruits
UNIT III: Human Reproduction
- Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis
- Fertilization
- embryo development up to blastocyst formation
UNIT IV: Reproductive Health
- Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- Birth control - Need and methods
- contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Inheritance of two genes
- sex determination
- Human pedigree analysis
UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- replication of DNA
- human genome project
- Regulation of gene expression
UNIT VII: Evolution
- Origin of life
- biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontological
- Variation (mutation and recombination)
UNIT VIII: Human Health and Disease
- dengue
- chickengunia
UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Improvement in food production: plant breeding
- tissue culture
- single cell protein
- biofortification
UNIT X: Microbes in Human Welfare
UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
UNIT XII: Biotechnology and its Applications
UNIT XIII: Organisms and Populations
- Organisms and environment: habitat and niche
- population and ecological adaptations
UNIT XIV: Ecosystem
- Ecosystems: Patterns
- components; productivity and decomposition
- Energy flow
- the material cycle (carbon and phosphorous)
- Ecological succession
- biomes and biotic communities
UNIT XV: Biodiversity and Conservation
UNIT XVI: Environmental Issues
- Air pollution and its control
- Water pollution and its control
- Solid waste management
- Radioactive waste management
BETA
