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Chemistry 12 Chemistry 12
UNIT I: Solid State
- Classification of solids
- crystal lattice and unit cell
- packing in solids
- voids
- calculations involving unit cell dimensions
- imperfections in solids
- electrical
- magnetic and dielectric properties
UNIT II: Solutions
- Types of solutions
- expressions of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
- solubility of gases in liquids
- solid solutions
- van’t Hoff factor
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
- cell reactions
- measurement of EMF of a cell
- conductance of electrolytic solutions
- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
- conductivity cells
- batteries
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
- their experimental determination
- integrated rate equations
- half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)
- concept of collision theory
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption
- physisorption and chemisorption
- factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- catalysis
- homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity
- enzyme catalysis
- colloidal state
- distinction between true solutions
- colloids and suspension
- properties of colloids
- Tyndall effect
- Brownian movement
- electrophoresis
- coagulation
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Principles and methods of extraction - concentration
- oxidation
- reduction - electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum
- copper, zinc, iron, lead, and magnesium
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
- Group 15 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- oxidation states
- trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen
- preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
- oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorus - allotropic forms
- compounds of phosphorus
- preparation and properties of phosphine
- halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
- Characteristics of transition metals
- general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals - metallic character
- ionization enthalpy
- oxidation states
- catalytic property
- interstitial compounds
- alloy formation
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds: Introduction
- colour
- magnetic properties and shapes
- bonding
- VBT
- CFT; structure and stereoisomerism
- biological importance of coordination compounds (metalloproteins and hemoglobin,electronic spectra of metal complexes)
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- physical and chemical properties
- mechanism of substitution reactions
- optical rotation
- substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only)
- uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary alcohols
- mechanism of dehydration
- uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
- acidic nature of phenol
- electrophilic substitution reactions
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
UNIT XII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Classification
- structure
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides: Nomenclature
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry
UNIT XIII: Biomolecules
- Classification (aldoses and ketoses)
- monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
- oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
- importance of carbohydrates
- Elementary idea of a-amino acids
- proteins
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (qualitative idea only)
- denaturation of proteins
- co-enzymes
- their mechanism of action
- activation energy
- enzyme cofactors
- enzyme inhibition
- isozymes
- Classification and functions
- replication
- transcription
- genetic code
- gene expression and regulation
UNIT XIV: Polymers
- Classification: Natural and synthetic
- methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
- copolymerization
- some important polymers: natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon, polythene, bakelite, PVC
UNIT XV: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemicals in medicines - analgesics
- tranquilizers
- antiseptics
- disinfectants
- antimicrobials
- antifertility drugs
- antibiotics
- antacids
- antihistamines
- chemical in food - preservatives
- artificial sweetening agents
- elementary idea of antioxidants
- cleansing agents - soaps and detergents
- cleansing action
BETA
