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Chemistry 12 Chemistry 12
UNIT I: Solid State
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces
- molecular
- ionic
- covalent and metallic solids
- amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
- unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
- calculation of density of unit cell
- packing in solids
- packing efficiency
- voids
- number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
- point defects
- electrical and magnetic properties
- band theory of metals
- conductors
- semiconductors and insulators
UNIT II: Solutions
- Types of solutions
- expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
- solubility of gases in liquids
- solid solutions
- elevation of boiling point
- depression of freezing point
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
- specific and molar conductivity
- variations of conductivity with concentration
- Kohlrausch’s Law
- electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
- dry cell
- lead accumulator
- EMF of a cell
- standard electrode potential
- Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
- corrosion
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
- concentration
- temperature
- catalyst
- order and molecularity of a reaction
- integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions)
- concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
- Arrhenius equation
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption
- factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- catalysis
- homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity
- enzyme catalysis colloidal state - distinction between true solutions
- colloids and suspension
- lyophilic
- lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
- properties of colloids
- Tyndall effect
- Brownian movement
- electrophoresis
- coagulation and peptization
- emulsions - types of emulsions
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Principles and methods of extraction - concentration
- oxidation
- reduction - electrolytic method and refining
- occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium
- copper
- zinc and iron
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
- Group 15 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- oxidation states
- trends in physical and chemical properties
- Nitrogen - preparation
- properties and uses
- compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
- oxides of nitrogen (structure only)
- preparation
- properties
- structure and uses of phosphine
- halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
- General introduction
- characteristics of transition metals
- general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character
- ionization enthalpy
- oxidation states
- ionic radii
- catalytic property
- interstitial compounds
- alloy formation
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds - Introduction
- colour
- magnetic properties and shapes
- VBT
- CFT
- isomerism (geometrical and optical)
- importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological system)
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Haloalkanes - Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
- mechanism of substitution reactions
- optical rotation
- substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary alcohols
- mechanism of dehydration
- uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties
- acidic nature of phenol
- electrophilic substitution reactions
- physical and chemical properties
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties
- mechanism of nucleophilic addition
- reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses
- Carboxylic Acids - Nomenclature
- acidic nature
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties; uses
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- classification
- structure
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides - Nomenclature
- structure
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
- monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
- D-L configuration
- oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
- importance of carbohydrates
- structure of proteins - primary, secondary
- tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only)
- denaturation of proteins
UNIT XV: Polymers
- Classification - natural and synthetic
- methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
- copolymerization
- some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene
- nylon
- polyesters
- bakelite
- rubber
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemicals in medicines - analgesics
- tranquilizers
- antiseptics
- disinfectants
- antimicrobials
- antifertility drugs
- antibiotics
- antacids
- antihistamines
- Chemicals in food - preservatives
- artificial sweetening agents
- elementary idea of antioxidants
- Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents
- cleansing action
BETA
