Go BackSECTION I - BOTANY
SECTION II – ZOOLOGY
Biology 12 Biology 12
SECTION I - BOTANY
UNIT I: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
- Genetic Basis of Inheritance
- Deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interactionincomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups)
- Genetics its nature
- expression and regulation: Modern concept of gene in brief-cistron
- muton and recon
- structure of DNA as given by Watson and Crick’s model
- DNA Packaging
- semi conservative replication of eukaryotic DNA
- Protein Synthesis
UNIT II: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
- Biotechnology - Process and Application
- Transposons
- Plasmids
- Bacteriophages; Producing Restriction Fragments
- Preparing and cloning a DNA Library
- Gene Amplification (PCR)
- Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture – BT crops Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
- Enhancement in Food Production
- Plant Breeding
- Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular
- Totipotency
- Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief)
- Callus Culture
- Suspension Culture
- Single Cell Protein
- Biofortification
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in Household food processing
- Microbes in Industrial Production
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Microbes as Biofertilizers
UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
- Photosynthesis
- Autotrophic nutrition Site of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic Pigments and their role
- Light-Dependent Reactions (Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation) Light-Independent Reactions (C3 and C4 Pathways) Chemiosmotic hypothesis
- Photorespiration
- Factors affecting Photosynthesis
- Law of limiting factors
- Respiration
- ATP as currency of Energy Mechanism of Aerobic (Glycolysis TCA Cycle and Electron Transport System)
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Fermentation Exchange of gases Amphibolic pathway
- Respiratory quotient of Nutrients
- Significance of Respiration
UNIT V: REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
- Reproduction in Plants
- Modes of Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual)
- Asexual reproduction; uniparental modesvegetative propagation
- micropropagation Sexual Reproduction: structure of flower Development of male gametophyte
- Structure of anatropous ovule
- Development of female Gametophyte
- Pollination: Types and Agencies
- Outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction
- Post-fertilization changes (development of endosperm and embryo
- development of seed and formation of fruit) Special modes-apomixis
- parthenocarpy
- polyembryony
- Significance of seed and fruit formation
UNIT VI: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
- Organisms and Environment -I : Habitat and Niche
- Ecosystems: Patterns
- components
- productivity and decomposition
- energy flow; pyramids of number
- biomass
- energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
- Ecological succession
- Ecological servicescarbon fixation
- pollination
- oxygen release. Environmental issues: agrochemicals and their effects
- solid waste management
- Green house effect and global warming
- ozone depletion
- deforestation
- case studies (any two)
SECTION II – ZOOLOGY
UNIT I: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
- Origin and the Evolution of Life
- Origin of Life: Early Earth
- Spontaneous
- assembly of organic compounds
- Evolution: Darwin’s contribution
- Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution
- Biological Evidences
- Mechanism of evolution; Gene flow and genetic drift; HardyWeinberg principle; Adaptive radiation
- Origin and Evolution of Human being
- Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
- The Chromosomal Theory
- Linkage and Crossing Over
- Sex-linked Inheritance (Haemophilia and colour blindness)
- Sex Determination in Human being birds honey bee
- Chromosomal disorders in human: Down’s syndrome
UNIT II: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
- Genetic Engineering and Genomics
- DNA Finger Printing
- Genomics and Human Genome Project
- Biotechnological Applications in Health: Human insulin and vaccine production
- Gene Therapy
- Transgenic animals
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
- Human Health and Diseases
- Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types
- Vaccines
- Structure of Antibody
- Antigen-Antibody Complex
- Antigens on blood cells
- Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
- Animal Husbandry
- Management of Farms and Farm Animals
- Dairy
- Poultry
- Animal Breeding
- Bee-Keeping
- Fisheries
- Sericulture Lac culture
UNIT IV: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Circulation
- Blood composition and coagulation
- Blood groups
- Structure and pumping action of Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
- Heart beat and Pulse
- Rhythmicity of Heart beat
- Cardiac output
- Regulation of cardiac activity
- Blood related disorders: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure
- Lymphatic System (Brief idea): Composition of lymph and its functions
- Excretion and osmoregulation
- Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism
- ureotelism
- uricotelism
- Excretory System
- Composition and formation of urine
- Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation
- Regulation of kidney function: reninangiotensin
- ADH and Diabetes inspidus
- role of other organs in excretion
- Disorders; Kidney failure
- Dialysis
- Kidney stone (renal calculi)
- Transplantation
- Uraemia
- nephritis
- Control and Co-ordination
- Nervous System Structure and functions of brain and Spinal cord
- brief idea about PNS and ANS
- Transmission of nerve impulse
- Reflex action
- Sensory receptors (eye and ear)
- Sensory perception
- general idea of other sense organs
- Endocrine System Endocrine glands Hormones and their functions Mechanism of hormone action
- Hormones as messengers and regulators
- Hormonal imbalance and diseases: Common disorders (Dwarfism, Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease)
UNIT V: REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
- Human Reproduction
- Histology of testis and ovary
- Reproductive cycle
- Production of gametes
- Embryo development up to three germinal layers
- Pregnancy, placenta, parturition and lactation (Elementary idea)
- Reproductive health-birth control
- Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases.MTP
- Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologiesIVF
- ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)
UNIT VI: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
- Organisms and Environment-II
- Population and ecological adaptations: population interactions-mutualism
- competition
- predation
- parasitism
- population attributes- growth, birth rate and death rate age distribution
- Biodiversity and its conservationBiodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, loss
- Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation
- endangered organisms, extinction
- biosphere reserves
- Environmental issues: air pollution and its control
- water pollution and its control and radioactive waste management. (Case studies any two)
BETA
