Go Back
Chemistry 12 Chemistry 12
UNIT I: Solid State
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
- ionic
- covalent and metallic solids
- amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
- unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices
- calculation of density of unit cell
- packing in solids
- voids
- number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
- point defects
- electrical and magnetic properties
- Band theory of metals
- conductors
- semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors
UNIT II: Solutions
- Types of solutions
- expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
- solubility of gases in liquids
- solid solutions
- elevation of boiling point
- depression of freezing point
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
- specific and molar conductivity
- variations of conductivity with concentration
- Kohlrausch’s Law
- electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
- dry cell
- EMF of a cell
- standard electrode potential
- Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
- corrosion
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
- concentration
- temperature
- catalyst
- order and molecularity of a reaction
- integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)
- concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
- Arrhenius equation
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption
- factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- catalysis - homogeneous and heterogeneous
- activity and selectivity of solid catalysts
- enzyme catalysis and its mechanism
- colloidal state - distinction between true solutions
- colloids and suspensions
- lyophilic
- lyophobic
- multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids
- properties of colloids
- Tyndall effect
- Brownian movement
- electrophoresis
- coagulation
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Principles and methods of extraction - concentration
- oxidation
- reduction - electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium
- copper
- zinc and iron
UNIT VII: P-block Elements
- Group 15 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- oxidation states
- trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
- oxides of nitrogen (structure only)
- Phosphorus - allotropic forms
- compounds of phosphorus - preparation and properties of phosphine
- halides (PCL3, PCL5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
- characteristics of transition metals
- general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals - metallic character
- ionization enthalpy
- oxidation states
- ionic radii
- catalytic property
- interstitial compounds
- alloy formation
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds - introduction
- colour
- magnetic properties and shapes
- bonding - Werner’s theory
- VBT and CFT
- importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems)
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- physical and chemical properties
- mechanism of substitution reactions
- optical rotation
- substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only)
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary alcohols
- mechanism of dehydration
- uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
- acidic nature of phenol
- electrophilic substitution reactions
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties
- mechanism of nucleophilic addition
- reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes and uses
- Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature
- acidic nature
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties; uses
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Classification
- structure
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides: Nomenclature
- structure
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- Preparation
- chemical reactions
- and importance in synthetic organic chemistry
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
- Classification (aldoses and ketoses)
- monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
- D-L configuration
- oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
- importance of carbohydrates
- Elementary idea of amino acids
- proteins
- structure of proteins - primary, secondary
- tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only)
- denaturation of proteins
UNIT XV: Polymers
- Classification: Natural and synthetic
- methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
- copolymerization
- some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene
- nylon
- polyesters
- bakelite
- rubber
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics
- tranquilizers
- antiseptics
- disinfectants
- antimicrobials
- antifertility drugs
- antibiotics
- antacids
- antihistamines
- Chemicals in food: Preservatives
- artificial sweetening agents
- elementary idea of antioxidants
- Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents
- cleansing action
BETA
