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Biology 12 Biology 12
UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms
- Reproduction
- a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction - binary fission
- sporulation
- budding
- gemmule formation
- fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants
- Pollination - types, agencies and examples
- Post fertilization events - Development of endosperm and embryo
- Special modes-apomixis
- parthenocarpy
- polyembryony
UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Pre-fertilization: Structures and events - microsporangium
- pollen grain
- structure of anthers and ovaries
- pollination and its types
- Process and events
- Post-fertilization: Structures and events - formation of endosperm and embryo
- development of seeds and formation of fruit
- parthenogenesis and apomixis
UNIT III: Human Reproduction
- gametogenesis
- fertilization
- embryo development
- pregnancy and placenta
- parturition
- lactation
- reproductive health - STDs
- infertility
UNIT IV: Reproductive Health
- Need for reproductive health
- problems and strategies for reproductive health
- adolescent issues
- population explosion
- birth control methods
- MTP
- STDs
UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- deviations from Mendelism
- sex determination
- inheritance patterns: human genetics
- genetic disorders
UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- replication
- regulation of gene expression
- human genome project
- DNA fingerprinting
- RNA interference
UNIT VII: Evolution
- Origin of life
- theories of evolution
- evidences for evolution - fossil records
- biogeography
- embryology
- molecular evidence
- convergent evolution
- divergent evolution
- Hardy-Weinberg principle
- natural selection
UNIT VIII: Human Health and Disease
- Common diseases in humans - infectious and non-infectious diseases
- immunity - innate and acquired
- tuberculosis
- preventive measures
UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Plant breeding - role of selection
- hybridization
- cross-pollination
- steps in plant breeding
- tissue culture methods
- single cell protein
UNIT X: Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in household products
- industrial products
- microbes as biocontrol agents
- antibiotics
- production of alcohol and antibiotics
UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- DNA cloning
- PCR
- electrophoresis
- DNA fingerprinting
- medicine and industry
- ethical issues
UNIT XII: Biotechnology and its Applications
- cell technology
- biopiracy
- biosafety issues
UNIT XIII: Organisms and Populations
- Organisms and environment
- habitat and niche
- population and ecological adaptations
- population interactions - mutualism
- competition
- predation
- parasitism
- population attributes
- population growth and regulation
- ecological succession
UNIT XIV: Ecosystem
- Ecosystem structure and function
- productivity
- energy flow
- nutrient cycling
- ecological pyramids
- ecological succession
- biogeochemical cycles
- conservation of biodiversity
- endangered species
- conservation strategies
UNIT XV: Biodiversity and Conservation
- threats to biodiversity
- national parks
- wildlife sanctuaries
- endangered and endemic species
BETA
