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Chemistry 11 Chemistry 11
UNIT I: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
- Sub-atomic particles
- Atomic models-Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
- Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom
- Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom
- Towards quantum mechanical model of the atom
- Quantum mechanical model of an atom
- Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom-orbitals and quantum numbers-shapes of atomic orbitals-energies of orbitals-filling of orbitals in atoms
- Aufbau principle
- Pauli
- Exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity - Electronic configurations of atoms-Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals
UNIT II: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
- Need to classify elements
- Genesis of periodic classification
- Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table
- Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
- Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
- Electronic configuration and types of elements s,p,d and f blocks
- Trends in physical properties-periodic trends in chemical properties - Periodic trends and chemical reactivity
UNIT III: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
UNIT IV: STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS
- Intermolecular forces
- Thermal energy
- Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions
- The gaseous state
- The gas laws
- Ideal gas equation
- Law of diffusion - Dalton’s law of partial pressures, Kinetic molecular theory of gases
- Kinetc gas equaon of an ideal gas (no derivation) - Deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation
- Distribution of molecular speeds - rms, average and Most probable speeds - kinetic energy of gas molecules
- Behaviour of real gases - deviation from ideal gas behavior - compressibility factor Vs pressure diagrams of real gases
- Liquefaction of gases, Liquid state - properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions - vapour pressure
- viscosity and surface tension (Qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivation)
UNIT V: STOICHIOMETRY
- Some basic concepts
- Laws of chemical combinations
- Gay Lussac’s law of Gaseous volumes
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Avogadro law
- Atomic and molecular masses - mole concept and molar mass concept of equivalent weight
- Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds
- Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations
- Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions
- Redox reactions
- Oxidation number concept
- Types of redox reactions
- Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number method - half reaction (ionelectron) method
- Redox reactions in titrimetry
UNIT VI: THERMODYNAMICS
- Measurement of “U and H”: Calorimetry, Enthalpy change, ‘rH’ of reactions
- Spontaneity
- Absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics
UNIT VII: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES
- Heterogeneous equilibria
- Applications of equilibrium constant
- Relationship between equilibrium constant ‘K’
- Reaction Quotient ‘Q’ and Gibbs energy ‘G’
- Acids, bases and salts - Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases
- Ionisation of acids and bases
UNIT VIII: HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
- Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
- Dihydrogen - Occurance and isotopes, Preparation of dihydrogen, Properties of dihydrogen
- Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stiochiometric hydrides
- Water: Physical properties
- Structure of water, ice chemical properties of water
- Hard and soft water temporary and permanent hardness of water
- Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation
- Physical properties
- Structure and chemical properties
- Storage and uses
- Heavy water
- Hydrogen as a fuel
UNIT IX: s- BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)
- GROUP 1 ELEMENTS: Alkali metals
- Electronic configurations
- Atomic and ionic radii
- Ionization enthalpy
- Hydration enthalpy
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Uses
- General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: oxides
- Halides
- Salts of oxy acids
- Anamalous properties of lithium
- Some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
- Sodium chloride
- Sodium hydroxide
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Biological importance of sodium and potassium Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements
- Electronic configuration
- Ionization enthalpy
- Hydration enthalpy
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Uses
- General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals, oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxyacids (carbonates, sulphates and nitrates)
- Anomalous behavior of beryllium
- Its diagonal relationship with aluminium
- Some important compounds of calcium
- Biological importance of calcium and magnesium
UNIT X: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)
- Introduction
- Ac Voltage Applied to a Register
- Representation of AC Current
- Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Voltage by Rotating Vectors - AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Voltage by Rotating Vectors - AC Voltage Applied to an Capacitor
- Voltage by Rotating Vectors - AC Voltage Applied to a Series
- LCR Circuit Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor LC Oscillations Transformers
UNIT XI: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)
- General introduction - Electronic configuration
- Atomic radii
- Ionization enthalpy
- Negativity
- Physical & chemical properties
- Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon
- Allotropes of carbon
- Uses of carbon
- Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbonmonoxide
- Carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates and zeolites
UNIT XII: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
- Definition of terms: Air, Water and Soil pollutions
- Environmental pollution, Atmospheric pollution
- Acid rain: Particulate pollutants, Stratospheric pollution, Water pollution, Soil Pollution
- Pesticides, industrial wastes
- Strategies to control environmental pollution, Green chemistry
UNIT XIII: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND HYDROCARBONS
- General introduction
- Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds
- Structural representations of organic compounds
- Classification of organic compounds
- Nomenclature of organic compounds
- Isomerism
- Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms
- Methods of purification of organic compounds
- Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
- Quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds HYDROCARBONS: Classification of hydrocarbons
- Methods of preparation of alkenes - properties of alkenes
- Physical properties and chemical reactions of alkynes
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism Structure of benzene
- Resonance and aromaticity - preparation of benzene physical and chemical properties of benzene-directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity
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