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Biology 12 Biology 12
UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms
- Asexual and sexual reproduction
- pre-fertilization
- and post-fertilization events
UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- pollination
- fertilization and development of the embryo
UNIT III: Human Reproduction
- gametogenesis
- fertilization
- embryo development
- pregnancy
- parturition and lactation
UNIT IV: Reproductive Health
- Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
- infertility
- and assisted reproductive technologies
UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- deviations from Mendelian inheritance
- sex determination
- linkage and crossing over
UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- regulation of gene expression
UNIT VII: Evolution
- Origin of life
- evidence of evolution
- theories of evolution (Darwinism and modern synthetic theory of evolution)
- speciation
UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Plant breeding
- tissue culture
- single-cell protein
- biofortification
- apiculture
- pisciculture
- and animal husbandry
UNIT X: Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in household products
- industrial products
- biogas production
- microbes as biocontrol agents
- microbes as biofertilizers
UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- genomics
- DNA fingerprinting
- ethical issues
UNIT XII: Organisms and Populations
- Organism and its environment
- population attributes
- growth and regulation of population
UNIT XIII: Ecosystem
- Ecosystems: structure and function
- energy flow
- nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
- ecological succession
UNIT XIV: Biodiversity and Conservation
- Concept
- patterns
- importance
- biodiversity conservation
- national parks
- sanctuaries
UNIT XV: Environmental Issues
- Air pollution and its control
- water pollution and its control
- solid waste management
- agrochemicals and their effects
- radioactive waste management
- greenhouse effect and global warming
- ozone depletion
- deforestation
- sustainable development
BETA
