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Chemistry 12 Chemistry 12
UNIT I: Solid State
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
- ionic
- covalent
- and metallic solids
- amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
- unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices
- calculation of the number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
- packing in solids
- voids
- number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
UNIT II: Solutions
- Types of solutions
- expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
- solubility of gases in liquids
- solid solutions
- elevation of boiling point
- depression of freezing point
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
- Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell
- corrosion
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
- concentration
- temperature
- catalyst
- order and molecularity of a reaction
- integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions)
- concept of collision theory (elementary idea no mathematical treatment)
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption
- factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- catalysis
- homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity
- enzyme catalysis
- colloidal state: distinction between true solutions
- colloids and suspensions
- lyophilic
- lyophobic
- multi molecular
- and macromolecular colloids
- properties of colloids
- Tyndall effect
- Brownian movement
- electrophoresis
- coagulation
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Principles and methods of extraction - concentration
- oxidation
- reduction
- electrolytic method and refining
- occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum
- copper
- zinc and iron
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
- Group 15 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- oxidation states
- trends in physical and chemical properties
- nitrogen
- preparation
- properties
- and uses of nitrogen and its compounds
- Phosphorous: Allotropes
- compounds of phosphorus: Preparation and properties of phosphine
- halides (PCl3, PCl5)
- and oxo acids (elementary idea only)
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
- and Characteristics of transition metals
- general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character
- ionization enthalpy
- oxidation states
- ionic radii
- catalytic property
- interstitial compounds
- alloy formation
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds: Introduction
- colour
- magnetic properties and shapes
- bonding
- VBT and CFT
- isomerism and coordination compounds (geometrical and optical) importance
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- physical and chemical properties
- mechanism of substitution reactions
- substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary alcohols
- mechanism of dehydration
- uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
- acidic nature of phenol
- electrophilic substitution reactions
- Nomenclature
- physical and chemical properties
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties (of aldehydes and ketones only)
- mechanism of nucleophilic addition
- reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
- Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature
- acidic nature
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
- Classification
- structure
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties, uses
- identification of primary
- secondary and tertiary amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides - preparation
- chemical reactions
- and importance in synthesis
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
- monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
- oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
- importance of carbohydrates
- proteins
- primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary structure (qualitative idea only)
- denaturation of proteins
- the structure of nucleic acids
UNIT XV: Polymers
- Classification - natural and synthetic
- methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
- copolymerization
- some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene
- nylon
- polyesters and bakelite
- rubber
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemicals in medicines - analgesics
- tranquilizers
- antiseptics
- disinfectants
- antimicrobials
- antifertility drugs
- antibiotics and antacids
- Chemicals in food - preservatives
- artificial sweetening agents
- elementary idea of antioxidants
- Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents
- cleansing action
BETA
