Planning in India

Five Year Plans (FYPs) are medium-term socio-economic development programs formulated by the Government of India to achieve specific economic and social goals.
Aimed at promoting industrialization, agricultural growth, and infrastructure development.
First introduced in 1951 under the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Central Planning Authority (CPA) was the body responsible for the formulation of the plans.
Plans were based on GDP growth targets, employment generation, and infrastructure development.
Emphasis on self-reliance and planned economic growth.

Plan	Period	Key Focus	Notable Features
1st	1951–1956	Industrialization, agricultural growth	First plan to lay foundation for industrial development
2nd	1956–1961	Industrialization, self-reliance	Emphasis on heavy industries and self-reliance
3rd	1961–1966	Economic growth, poverty alleviation	Shift towards more balanced growth
4th	1969–1974	Poverty alleviation, employment	Focus on rural development and employment
5th	1974–1978	Poverty alleviation, food security	Introduction of Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty)
6th	1980–1985	Economic liberalization, structural adjustment	Shift towards market-oriented reforms
7th	1985–1990	Economic liberalization, structural adjustment	Continued focus on economic reforms
8th	1990–1995	Economic liberalization, structural adjustment	Introduction of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG)
9th	1995–2000	Economic liberalization, structural adjustment	Continued LPG reforms
10th	2000–2012	Sustainable development, inclusive growth	Focus on inclusive growth, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development
11th	2012–2017	Sustainable development, inclusive growth	Focus on inclusive growth, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development
12th	2017–2022	Sustainable development, inclusive growth	Focus on inclusive growth, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development

First Five Year Plan (1951–1956): Laid the foundation for industrial development.
Second Five Year Plan (1956–1961): Emphasized self-reliance and heavy industries.
Third Five Year Plan (1961–1966): Shifted focus towards balanced growth.
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–1978): Introduced Garibi Hatao.
Tenth Five Year Plan (2000–2002): Marked the start of the LPG reforms.
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012): Emphasized inclusive growth and poverty reduction.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017): Continued focus on inclusive growth and infrastructure development.

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) is the policy think tank of the Government of India.
Replaced the Planning Commission in 2015 under the leadership of Narendra Modi.
Focuses on inclusive growth, sustainable development, and policy formulation.

A non-statutory body with a chairperson and members.
Promotes collaboration between the central and state governments.
Focuses on data-driven policy-making, innovation, and capacity building.

Chairperson: Appointed by the President of India.
Members: Includes Union Ministers, state chief ministers, and experts.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Oversees the day-to-day operations.

Feature	Planning Commission	NITI Aayog
Status	Statutory body	Non-statutory body
Formation	1955	2015
Focus	Central planning	Collaborative planning
Leadership	Planning Commission	NITI Aayog
Approach	Centralized planning	Decentralized and participatory planning

NITI Aayog was established in 2015.
Replaced the Planning Commission.
Focuses on inclusive growth, sustainable development, and policy innovation.
Promotes collaboration between central and state governments.
Key initiatives include Smart Cities Mission, Digital India, and Startup India.
Chairperson is appointed by the President of India.
CEO is responsible for the day-to-day operations of NITI Aayog.