Biology 12 Biology 12
UNIT I: REPRODUCTION
- Reproduction in Organisms: Reproduction
- a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
- modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction
- asexual reproduction - binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation
- vegetative propagation in plants
- embryo development upto blastocyst formation
- Parturition (Elementary idea)
- Lactation (Elementary idea)
- Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
- Birth control-Need and Methods
- Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Amniocentesis
- Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IV F, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)
UNIT II: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
- Deviations from Mendelism
- Mendelian disorders in humans
- Molecular basis of Inheritance
- Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry
UNIT IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
UNIT V: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
- Organisms and environment Population interactions mutualism, competition
- predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
- Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
- Environmental Issues: Air pollution and its control
- water pollution and its control
- agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management
- radioactive waste management
- greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation
- ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s)
BETA
