Biology 12 Biology 12
UNIT I: Reproduction
- reproduction
- pollination
- fertilization
- development of embryo
- seed formation
- parthenocarpy
- apomixis
- gametogenesis
- fertilization
- pregnancy
- parturition
- lactation
- Reproductive Health
- Problems and strategies: Infertility
- contraception
- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- AIDS
- reproductive technologies - amniocentesis
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
- contraception methods
UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- replication
- regulation of gene expression
- human genome project
- Evolution
- Origin of life
- theories of evolution - Lamarckism
- Darwinism
- evidences of evolution
- Hardy-Weinberg principle
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
- types of diseases
- immunity - innate and acquired immunity
- vaccination
- AIDS
- drug abuse
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Plant breeding
- tissue culture
- single-cell protein
- biofortification
- aquaculture
- animal husbandry
UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- DNA fingerprinting
- bioprocessing
- Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
- GM crops
- BT cotton
- golden rice
- tissue culture techniques
- micropropagation
- biofertilizers
- biopesticides
- Biotechnology in Medicine
- molecular diagnosis
UNIT V: Ecology and Environment
- Organisms and Populations
- Organism and its environment
- habitat and niche
- population attributes - growth
- birth rate
- death rate
- age distribution
- Ecosystem
- Structure and function
- energy flow
- nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus cycles)
- ecological succession
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Concept
- patterns
- importance
- biodiversity conservation
- endangered species
- national parks
- sanctuaries
- Environmental Issues
- Air pollution and its control
- water pollution and its control
- solid waste management
- ozone depletion
- global warming and climate change
- deforestation
BETA
