Biology 12 Biology 12
UNIT I: Reproduction
- Reproduction in organisms - Types of reproduction
- asexual reproduction
- sexual reproduction
- Modes of reproduction - fission
- fragmentation
- regeneration
- budding
- vegetative propagation in plants
- embryo development upto blastocyst formation
- Pregnancy and embryonic development
- parturition and lactation
- Reproductive health - Need for reproductive health
- population explosion and birth control
- medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) - infertility
UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
- deviations from Mendelism
- Sex determination and sex-linked inheritance - Human genetics
- genetic disorders
- Autosomal dominant
- autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
- Health and its failure: infectious and non-infectious diseases
- drugs - alcoholism and drug abuse - addiction and prevention
- Adolescent problems: obesity
- drug addiction
- Biomedical technologies - synthetic insulin
- artificial limbs
- pace-maker
- artificial kidney
- cataract lens
UNIT XI: Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Ethical issues
- Plant tissue culture: Micropropagation
UNIT V: Ecology and Environment
- Organisms and environment: habitat and niche
- Population and ecological adaptations
- Population interactions - mutualism
- competition
- predation
- parasitism
- Population attributes - growth
- birth rate and death rate
- age distribution
- Ecosystems: Patterns
- components
- Productivity and decomposition
- Energy flow
- Ecological pyramids
- Ecological succession
- Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
- Ecological services - carbon fixation
- pollination
- seed dispersal
- oxygen release (in brief)
- national parks
- sanctuaries
BETA
