Chemistry 11 Chemistry 11
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Importance of studying chemistry
- physical quantities and their measurement in chemistry
- laws of chemical combination
- atomic and molecular masses
- mole concept
- molar mass
- percentage composition
- empirical and molecular formulas
- chemical reactions
- stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry
UNIT II: Structure of Atom
- Discovery of electron
- proton and neutron
- atomic number
- isotopes and isobars
- Thomson’s model and its limitations
- Rutherford’s model and its limitations
- Concept of shells and subshells
- light
- concept of orbitals
- quantum numbers
- electronic configuration of atoms
- stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Need for classification of elements
- genesis of periodic classification
- modern periodic law and present form of periodic table
- Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
- Electronic configurations of elements and periodic table and properties
- atomic size
- electronegativity
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- concept of ionic and covalent bonds
- Lattice energy
- Born Haber cycle
- polar character of covalent bond
- valence bond theory
- resonance structures
- geometry of molecules
- shapes of some simple molecules
- molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only)
- hydrogen bonding
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Three states of matter
- intermolecular interactions
- types of bonding
- melting and boiling points
- Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule
- Boyle’s law
- Charles’ law
- Gay Lussac’s law
- Avogadro’s law
- ideal behavior of gases
- empirical derivation of gas equation
- Avogadro number
- ideal gas equation
- deviation from ideal behavior
- liquefaction of gases
- critical temperature
- kinetic energy
- intermolecular forces
- the liquid state
- vapor pressure
- viscosity
- surface tension and its effect on the shape of the drop
- vaporization of a liquid
- evaporation
- osmotic pressure
- solid state
- classification of solids based on different binding forces
- amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
- the unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices
- calculation of density of unit cell
- packing in solids
- packing efficiency
- voids
- number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
- point defects
- electrical and magnetic properties
UNIT VI: Thermodynamics
- Concepts of System
- types of systems
- surroundings
- work
- Heat
- energy
- extensive and intensive properties
- state functions
- Hess’s law of constant heat summation
- enthalpy change of reactions
- calculation of enthalpy change of reactions (enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion, enthalpy of neutralization, bond enthalpy, numerical problems)
- entropy
- Gibbs free energy
- Gibbs free energy change for a spontaneous process
- equilibrium constant
UNIT VII: Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
- dynamic nature of equilibrium
- law of mass action
- equilibrium constant
- factors affecting equilibrium
- ionic equilibrium: Ionization of acids and bases
- strong and weak electrolytes
- degree of ionization
- ionization of polybasic acids
- acid-base equilibria
- factors affecting acid strength and the position of equilibrium
- the concept of pH
- solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
- solubility product
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
- Concept of oxidation and reduction
- balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number
UNIT IX: Hydrogen
- Position of hydrogen in periodic table
- occurrence
- isotopes
- preparation
- properties and uses of hydrogen
- hydrides - ionic
- covalent and interstitial
- physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water
- hydrogen peroxide - preparation
- reactions and structure
- use of hydrogen peroxide
UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
- Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- anomalous properties of the first element of each group
- diagonal relationships
UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
- General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- variation of properties
- oxidation states
- trends in chemical reactivity
- anomalous properties of first element of the group
- Boron - physical and chemical properties
- some important compounds: borax
- boric acid
- boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis, uses
UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- General introduction
- methods of purification
- qualitative and quantitative analysis
- classification
- Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect
- electromeric effect
- resonance and hyperconjugation
- Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals
- carbocations
- carbanions
- electrophiles and nucleophiles
- types of organic reactions
UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
- conformation (ethane only)
- physical properties
- chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation
- combustion
- preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction
- structure of double bond (ethene)
- geometrical isomerism
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from alcohols
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen
- halogen
- water
- hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect)
- ozonolysis
- oxidation
- mechanism of electrophilic addition
- structure of triple bond (ethyne)
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from calcium carbide
- from vicinal dihalides
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes
- addition reaction of - hydrogen
- halogen
- water and hydrogen halides
- polymerization
UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental pollution: Air
- water and soil pollution
- chemical reactions in atmosphere
- smog
- major atmospheric pollutants
- acid rain
- ozone and its reactions
- effects of depletion of ozone layer
- greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes
- green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution
- strategies for controlling environmental pollution
BETA
