Chemistry 12 Chemistry 12

UNIT I: Solid State
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces
  • molecular
  • ionic
  • covalent and metallic solids
  • amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
  • unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
  • calculation of density of unit cell
  • packing in solids
  • packing efficiency
  • voids
  • number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
  • point defects
  • electrical and magnetic properties
  • band theory of metals
  • conductors
  • semiconductors and insulators
UNIT II: Solutions
  • Types of solutions
  • expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
  • solubility of gases in liquids
  • solid solutions
  • elevation of boiling point
  • depression of freezing point
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
  • specific and molar conductivity
  • variations of conductivity with concentration
  • Kohlrausch’s Law
  • electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
  • dry cell
  • lead accumulator
  • EMF of a cell
  • standard electrode potential
  • Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
  • corrosion
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
  • concentration
  • temperature
  • catalyst
  • order and molecularity of a reaction
  • integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions)
  • concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
  • Arrhenius equation
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
  • Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
  • catalysis
  • homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity
  • enzyme catalysis colloidal state - distinction between true solutions
  • colloids and suspension
  • lyophilic
  • lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
  • properties of colloids
  • Tyndall effect
  • Brownian movement
  • electrophoresis
  • coagulation and peptization
  • emulsions - types of emulsions
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
  • Principles and methods of extraction - concentration
  • oxidation
  • reduction - electrolytic method and refining
  • occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium
  • copper
  • zinc and iron
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
  • Group 15 elements: General introduction
  • electronic configuration
  • occurrence
  • oxidation states
  • trends in physical and chemical properties
  • Nitrogen - preparation
  • properties and uses
  • compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
  • oxides of nitrogen (structure only)
  • preparation
  • properties
  • structure and uses of phosphine
  • halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
  • General introduction
  • characteristics of transition metals
  • general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character
  • ionization enthalpy
  • oxidation states
  • ionic radii
  • catalytic property
  • interstitial compounds
  • alloy formation
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
  • Coordination compounds - Introduction
  • colour
  • magnetic properties and shapes
  • VBT
  • CFT
  • isomerism (geometrical and optical)
  • importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological system)
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  • Haloalkanes - Nomenclature
  • physical and chemical properties
  • mechanism of substitution reactions
  • optical rotation
  • substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
  • physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
  • identification of primary
  • secondary and tertiary alcohols
  • mechanism of dehydration
  • uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties
  • acidic nature of phenol
  • electrophilic substitution reactions
  • physical and chemical properties
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties
  • mechanism of nucleophilic addition
  • reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses
  • Carboxylic Acids - Nomenclature
  • acidic nature
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties; uses
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
  • classification
  • structure
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties, uses
  • identification of primary
  • secondary and tertiary amines
  • Cyanides and Isocyanides - Nomenclature
  • structure
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties, uses
  • chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
  • monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
  • D-L configuration
  • oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
  • polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • importance of carbohydrates
  • structure of proteins - primary, secondary
  • tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only)
  • denaturation of proteins
UNIT XV: Polymers
  • Classification - natural and synthetic
  • methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
  • copolymerization
  • some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene
  • nylon
  • polyesters
  • bakelite
  • rubber
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
  • Chemicals in medicines - analgesics
  • tranquilizers
  • antiseptics
  • disinfectants
  • antimicrobials
  • antifertility drugs
  • antibiotics
  • antacids
  • antihistamines
  • Chemicals in food - preservatives
  • artificial sweetening agents
  • elementary idea of antioxidants
  • Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents
  • cleansing action
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