SECTION I - BOTANY
UNIT I: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
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Genetic Basis of Inheritance
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Deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interactionincomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups)
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expression and regulation: Modern concept of gene in brief-cistron
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structure of DNA as given by Watson and Crick’s model
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semi conservative replication of eukaryotic DNA
UNIT II: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
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Biotechnology - Process and Application
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Bacteriophages; Producing Restriction Fragments
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Preparing and cloning a DNA Library
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Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture – BT crops Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
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Enhancement in Food Production
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Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular
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Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief)
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Microbes in Human Welfare
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Microbes in Household food processing
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Microbes in Industrial Production
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Microbes in Sewage Treatment
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Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production
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Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
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Microbes as Biofertilizers
UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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Autotrophic nutrition Site of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic Pigments and their role
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Light-Dependent Reactions (Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation) Light-Independent Reactions (C3 and C4 Pathways) Chemiosmotic hypothesis
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Factors affecting Photosynthesis
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ATP as currency of Energy Mechanism of Aerobic (Glycolysis TCA Cycle and Electron Transport System)
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Fermentation Exchange of gases Amphibolic pathway
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Respiratory quotient of Nutrients
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Significance of Respiration
UNIT V: REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
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Modes of Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual)
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Asexual reproduction; uniparental modesvegetative propagation
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micropropagation Sexual Reproduction: structure of flower Development of male gametophyte
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Structure of anatropous ovule
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Development of female Gametophyte
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Pollination: Types and Agencies
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Outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction
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Post-fertilization changes (development of endosperm and embryo
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development of seed and formation of fruit) Special modes-apomixis
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Significance of seed and fruit formation
UNIT VI: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
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Organisms and Environment -I : Habitat and Niche
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productivity and decomposition
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energy flow; pyramids of number
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energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
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Ecological servicescarbon fixation
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oxygen release. Environmental issues: agrochemicals and their effects
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Green house effect and global warming
SECTION II – ZOOLOGY
UNIT I: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
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Origin and the Evolution of Life
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Origin of Life: Early Earth
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assembly of organic compounds
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Evolution: Darwin’s contribution
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Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution
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Mechanism of evolution; Gene flow and genetic drift; HardyWeinberg principle; Adaptive radiation
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Origin and Evolution of Human being
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Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
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Linkage and Crossing Over
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Sex-linked Inheritance (Haemophilia and colour blindness)
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Sex Determination in Human being birds honey bee
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Chromosomal disorders in human: Down’s syndrome
UNIT II: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
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Genetic Engineering and Genomics
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Genomics and Human Genome Project
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Biotechnological Applications in Health: Human insulin and vaccine production
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
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Human Health and Diseases
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Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types
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Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
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Management of Farms and Farm Animals
UNIT IV: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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Blood composition and coagulation
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Structure and pumping action of Heart
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Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
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Rhythmicity of Heart beat
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Regulation of cardiac activity
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Blood related disorders: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure
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Lymphatic System (Brief idea): Composition of lymph and its functions
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Excretion and osmoregulation
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Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism
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Composition and formation of urine
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Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation
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Regulation of kidney function: reninangiotensin
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ADH and Diabetes inspidus
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role of other organs in excretion
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Disorders; Kidney failure
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Kidney stone (renal calculi)
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Control and Co-ordination
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Nervous System Structure and functions of brain and Spinal cord
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brief idea about PNS and ANS
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Transmission of nerve impulse
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Sensory receptors (eye and ear)
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general idea of other sense organs
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Endocrine System Endocrine glands Hormones and their functions Mechanism of hormone action
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Hormones as messengers and regulators
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Hormonal imbalance and diseases: Common disorders (Dwarfism, Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease)
UNIT V: REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
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Histology of testis and ovary
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Embryo development up to three germinal layers
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Pregnancy, placenta, parturition and lactation (Elementary idea)
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Reproductive health-birth control
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Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases.MTP
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Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologiesIVF
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ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)
UNIT VI: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
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Organisms and Environment-II
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Population and ecological adaptations: population interactions-mutualism
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population attributes- growth, birth rate and death rate age distribution
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Biodiversity and its conservationBiodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, loss
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Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation
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endangered organisms, extinction
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Environmental issues: air pollution and its control
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water pollution and its control and radioactive waste management. (Case studies any two)
BETA
