Chemistry 11 Chemistry 11
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Importance of Chemistry
- Nature of Matter
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Atomic and Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept and Molar Masses
- Percentage Composition
- Empirical and Molecular Formula
- Chemical Reactions
- Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations
UNIT II: Structure of Atom
- Discovery of Electron
- Proton and Neutron
- Atomic Number
- Isotopes and Isobars
- Thomson’s Model of Atom
- Rutherford’s Model of Atom
- Energy Levels
- Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
- Electronic Configurations of Elements
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Periodic Table
- Periodic Trends in Properties - Atomic Radii
- Ionic Radii
- Ionization Energy
- Electron Affinity
- Electronegativity
- Periodic Trends
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Kossel Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
- Octet Rule
- Shapes of Molecules
- Hybridization
- Molecular Orbital Theory
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Intermolecular Forces
- Characteristics of Gases
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles’s Law
- Gay-Lussac’s Law
- Avogadro’s Law
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
- Liquefaction of Gases
- Liquid State
- Properties of Liquids
- Vapour Pressure
- Surface Tension
- Viscosity
UNIT VI: Thermodynamics
- Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
- System and Surroundings
- Types of Thermodynamic Processes
- Internal Energy
- Measurement of ΔU and ΔH
- Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation
UNIT VII: Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in Physical and Chemical Processes
- Dynamic Nature of Equilibrium
- Law of Mass Action
- Equilibrium Constant
- Factors Affecting Equilibrium
- Types of Equilibria
- Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
- Acids
- Bases and Salts
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- in Terms of Electron Transfer
- Decomposition
- Displacement
- Disproportionation
- Oxidation and Reduction Potentials
UNIT IX: Hydrogen
- Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
- Dihydrogen - Preparation
- Properties and uses, Heavy Water
- Hydrogen Peroxide - Preparation, Properties and uses
- Hydrides - Classification and Preparation
- Water - Structure
- Properties and uses
- Hard and Soft Water
- Hydrogen as a Fuel
UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
- General Characteristics of Group 1 and Group 2 Elements
- Electronic Configurations
- Atomic and Ionic Radii
- Ionization Energy
- Hydration
- Trends in Chemical Properties
- Reactions of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals with Water
- Oxides and Hydroxides
- Anomalous Behaviour of Lithium and Beryllium
UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
- General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- variation of properties
- oxidation states
- trends in chemical reactivity
- anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron - physical and chemical properties
- some important compounds: borax
- boric acid
- boron hydrides
- Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis, uses
UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- General introduction
- methods of purification
- qualitative and quantitative analysis
- classification
- Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect
- electromeric effect
- resonance and hyperconjugation
- Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals
- carbocations
- carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles
- types of organic reactions
UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
- conformation (ethane only)
- physical properties
- chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation
- combustion
- preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction
- structure of double bond (ethene)
- geometrical isomerism
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from alcohols
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen
- halogen
- water
- hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect)
- ozonolysis
- oxidation
- mechanism of electrophilic addition
- structure of triple bond (ethyne)
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from calcium carbide
- from vicinal dihalides
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes
- addition reaction of - hydrogen
- halogen
- water and hydrogen halides
- polymerization
UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental pollution: Air
- water and soil pollution
- chemical reactions in atmosphere
- smog
- major atmospheric pollutants
- acid rain
- ozone and its reactions
- effects of depletion of ozone layer
- greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes
- green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution
- strategies for controlling environmental pollution
BETA
