Chemistry 11 Chemistry 11
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Importance of chemistry
- nature of matter
- laws of chemical combination
- atomic and molecular masses
- mole concept and molar mass
- percentage composition
- empirical and molecular formulae
- chemical reactions
- stoichiometry
UNIT II: Structure of Atom
- Discovery of electron
- proton and neutron
- atomic number
- isotopes
- isobars
- Thomson’s model of atom
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- electronic configuration of atoms
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Periodic table and its Classification
- periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic size
- electronegativity
- Valence
- periodicity in properties
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Kossel Lewis approach to chemical bonding
- Valence bond theory
- resonance
- hybridization
- molecular orbital theory
- bond length
- bond angle
- bond order
- dipole moment
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Three states of matter
- intermolecular forces
- properties of gases
- ideal gas equation
- real gases
- deviation from ideal behaviour
- liquefaction of gases
- properties of liquids
- vapour pressure
- viscosity
UNIT VI: Thermodynamics
- System and surroundings
- types of thermodynamic processes
- internal energy
- work
- Heat
- calorimetry
- entropy
UNIT VII: Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
- dynamic nature of equilibrium
- law of mass action
- equilibrium constant
- factors affecting equilibrium
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
- Oxidation and reduction
- electrochemical series
UNIT IX: Hydrogen
- Position of hydrogen in periodic table
- isotopes of hydrogen
- properties of hydrogen
- preparation
- properties and uses of hydrogen compounds - water
- hydrogen peroxide
- heavy water
- hydrogen as a fuel
UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
- General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- anomalous properties of the first element of each group
- diagonal relationship
- trends in the properties of elements - atomic and ionic radii
- electropositivity
- oxidation states
- trends in chemical reactivity
- compounds of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
- General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- variation of properties
- oxidation states
- trends in chemical reactivity
- anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron - physical and chemical properties
- some important compounds: borax
- boric acid, boron hydrides
- Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis, uses
UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- General introduction
- methods of purification
- qualitative and quantitative analysis
- classification
- Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect
- electromeric effect
- resonance and hyperconjugation
- Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals
- carbocations
- carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles
- types of organic reactions
UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
- conformation (ethane only)
- physical properties
- chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation
- combustion
- preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction
- structure of double bond (ethene)
- geometrical isomerism
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from alcohols
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen
- halogen
- water
- hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect)
- ozonolysis
- oxidation
- mechanism of electrophilic addition
- structure of triple bond (ethyne)
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from calcium carbide
- from vicinal dihalides
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes
- addition reaction of - hydrogen
- halogen
- water and hydrogen halides
- polymerization
UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental pollution: Air
- water and soil pollution
- chemical reactions in atmosphere
- smog
- major atmospheric pollutants
- acid rain
- ozone and its reactions
- effects of depletion of ozone layer
- greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes
- green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution
- strategies for controlling environmental pollution
BETA
