Biology 12 Biology 12

UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms
  • Asexual and sexual reproduction
  • Pre-fertilization and post-fertilization events
UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
UNIT III: Human Reproduction
  • gametogenesis
  • fertilization
  • Pregnancy
  • parturition
  • lactation
UNIT IV: Reproductive Health
  • Need for reproductive health
  • Sexually transmitted diseases
  • birth control methods
  • Assisted reproductive technologies
UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
  • deviations
  • Chromosomal disorders
  • genetic disorders
UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • structure
  • Replication
  • regulation of gene expression
UNIT VII: Evolution
  • Origin of life
  • theories of evolution
  • Evidences of evolution
  • Hardy-Weinberg principle
  • convergent and divergent evolution
UNIT VIII: Human Health and Disease
  • Common diseases
  • immunity
  • HIV/AIDS
  • drug abuse
UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
  • Plant breeding
  • tissue culture
  • Single-cell protein
  • biofortification
  • Animal husbandry
  • apiculture
  • pisciculture
UNIT X: Microbes in Human Welfare
  • Microbes in household products
  • industrial products
  • biogas production
  • Biocontrol agents
  • biofertilizers
UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
  • DNA fingerprinting
  • Ethical issues in biotechnology
UNIT XII: Organisms and Populations
  • Organism and its environment
  • Population attributes
  • growth
  • regulation
UNIT XIII: Ecosystem
  • Structure
  • function of ecosystem
  • Energy flow
  • nutrient cycling (carbon and nitrogen cycles)
UNIT XIV: Biodiversity and Conservation
  • types
  • importance
  • Threats to biodiversity
  • conservation strategies
UNIT XV: Environmental Issues
  • Air pollution and its control
  • Water pollution and its control
  • Solid waste management
  • ozone layer depletion
  • Global warming
  • sustainable development