Chemistry 11 Chemistry 11
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Importance of Chemistry
- Nature of Matter
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Concept of elements
- atoms
- Atomic and molecular masses
- mole concept and molar mass
- percentage composition
- empirical and molecular formulas
- chemical reactions
- stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry
UNIT II: Structure of Atom
- Discovery of Electron
- Proton and Neutron
- Atomic number
- isotopes and isobars
- Thomson’s model and its limitations
- Rutherford’s model and its limitations
- concept of shells and subshells
- light
- concept of orbitals
- quantum numbers
- electronic configuration of atoms
- stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table
- periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic radii
- ionic radii
- inert gas radii
- electronegativity
- Valence
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Valence electrons
- bond parameters
- Lewis structure
- polar character of covalent bond
- covalent character of ionic bond
- Valence bond theory
- geometry of covalent molecules
- shapes of some simple molecules
- molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only)
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Three states of matter
- intermolecular interactions
- types of bonding
- melting and boiling points
- role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles Law
- Gay-Lussac’s Law
- Avogadro’s Law
- ideal behaviour
- empirical derivation of gas equation
- Avogadro’s number
- ideal gas equation
UNIT VI: Thermodynamics
- Concept of system and surroundings
- surroundings
- work and heat
- specific heat
- measurement of DeltaU and DeltaH
- Hess’s Law of constant heat summation
- of bond dissociation
- combustion
- formation
- ionization
- and dilution
UNIT VII: Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
- dynamic nature of equilibrium
- law of mass action
- equilibrium constant
- factors affecting equilibrium
- ionic equilibrium: ionization of acids and bases
- strong and weak electrolytes
- degree of ionization
- ionization of polybasic acids
- acid strength
- concept of pH
- buffer solution
- solubility product
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
- Concept of oxidation and reduction
- in terms of loss and gain of electrons
UNIT IX: Hydrogen
- Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
- occurrence
- isotopes
- preparation
- properties
- and uses of hydrogen
- Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water
- hydrogen peroxide - preparation, reactions, and structure and use
UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
- Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- anomalous properties of the first element of each group
- diagonal relationship
- trends in the variation of properties (such as atomic size
- and alkalinity of oxides)
UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
- General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- variation of properties
- oxidation states
- trends in chemical reactivity
- anomalous properties of first element of the group
- Boron - physical and chemical properties
- some important compounds: borax
- boric acid
- boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis, uses
UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- General introduction
- methods of purification
- qualitative and quantitative analysis
- classification
- Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect
- electromeric effect
- resonance and hyperconjugation
- Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals
- carbocations
- carbanions
- electrophiles and nucleophiles
- types of organic reactions
UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
- conformation (ethane only)
- physical properties
- chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation
- combustion
- preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction
- structure of double bond (ethene)
- geometrical isomerism
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from alcohols
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen
- halogen
- water
- hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect)
- ozonolysis
- oxidation
- mechanism of electrophilic addition
- structure of triple bond (ethyne)
- physical properties
- methods of preparation: from calcium carbide
- from vicinal dihalides
- from alkynes
- chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes
- addition reaction of - hydrogen
- halogen
- water and hydrogen halides
- polymerization
UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental pollution: Air
- water and soil pollution
- chemical reactions in atmosphere
- smog
- major atmospheric pollutants
- acid rain
- ozone and its reactions
- effects of depletion of ozone layer
- greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes
- green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution
- strategies for controlling environmental pollution
BETA
