Chemistry 12 Chemistry 12

UNIT I: Solid State
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
  • ionic
  • covalent
  • and metallic solids
  • amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
  • unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices
  • calculation of the number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
  • packing in solids
  • voids
  • number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
UNIT II: Solutions
  • Types of solutions
  • expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
  • solubility of gases in liquids
  • solid solutions
  • elevation of boiling point
  • depression of freezing point
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
  • concentration
  • temperature
  • catalyst
  • order and molecularity of a reaction
  • integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions)
  • concept of collision theory (elementary idea no mathematical treatment)
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
  • Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
  • catalysis
  • homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity
  • enzyme catalysis
  • colloidal state: distinction between true solutions
  • colloids and suspensions
  • lyophilic
  • lyophobic
  • multi molecular
  • and macromolecular colloids
  • properties of colloids
  • Tyndall effect
  • Brownian movement
  • electrophoresis
  • coagulation
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
  • Principles and methods of extraction - concentration
  • oxidation
  • reduction
  • electrolytic method and refining
  • occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum
  • copper
  • zinc and iron
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
  • Group 15 elements: General introduction
  • electronic configuration
  • occurrence
  • oxidation states
  • trends in physical and chemical properties
  • nitrogen
  • preparation
  • properties
  • and uses of nitrogen and its compounds
  • Phosphorous: Allotropes
  • compounds of phosphorus: Preparation and properties of phosphine
  • halides (PCl3, PCl5)
  • and oxo acids (elementary idea only)
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
  • and Characteristics of transition metals
  • general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character
  • ionization enthalpy
  • oxidation states
  • ionic radii
  • catalytic property
  • interstitial compounds
  • alloy formation
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
  • Coordination compounds: Introduction
  • colour
  • magnetic properties and shapes
  • bonding
  • VBT and CFT
  • isomerism and coordination compounds (geometrical and optical) importance
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  • physical and chemical properties
  • mechanism of substitution reactions
  • substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
  • Nomenclature
  • physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
  • identification of primary
  • secondary and tertiary alcohols
  • mechanism of dehydration
  • uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
  • Nomenclature
  • physical and chemical properties
  • acidic nature of phenol
  • electrophilic substitution reactions
  • Nomenclature
  • physical and chemical properties
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
  • Nomenclature
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties (of aldehydes and ketones only)
  • mechanism of nucleophilic addition
  • reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
  • Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature
  • acidic nature
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties, uses
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
  • Classification
  • structure
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties, uses
  • identification of primary
  • secondary and tertiary amines
  • Cyanides and Isocyanides - preparation
  • chemical reactions
  • and importance in synthesis
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
  • monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
  • oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
  • polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
  • importance of carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • primary structure
  • secondary structure
  • tertiary structure
  • quaternary structure (qualitative idea only)
  • denaturation of proteins
  • the structure of nucleic acids
UNIT XV: Polymers
  • Classification - natural and synthetic
  • methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
  • copolymerization
  • some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene
  • nylon
  • polyesters and bakelite
  • rubber
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
  • Chemicals in medicines - analgesics
  • tranquilizers
  • antiseptics
  • disinfectants
  • antimicrobials
  • antifertility drugs
  • antibiotics and antacids
  • Chemicals in food - preservatives
  • artificial sweetening agents
  • elementary idea of antioxidants
  • Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents
  • cleansing action
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