SATHEE: Study Material

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, e.g. Glucose
Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together, e.g. Sucrose
Polysaccharides: Polymers of monosaccharides, e.g. Starch
Glucose: Most abundant monosaccharide, main energy source for cells
Fructose: Sweetest monosaccharide, found in fruits and honey
Sucrose: Common table sugar, composed of glucose and fructose
Cellulose: Structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
Starch: Storage polysaccharide found in plants, e.g. Potatoes and grains

Proteins:

Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins, 20 different types
Peptide bonds: Covalent bonds that link amino acids together
Primary Structure: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary Structure: Regular folding of polypeptide chain, e.g. Alpha- helix, beta-sheet
Tertiary Structure: Three-dimensional folding of polypeptide chain
Quaternary Structure: Organization of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional complex
Enzymes: Protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions
Denaturation: Loss of protein’s native structure due to changes in pH, temperature, etc.

Lipids:

January 1, 0001 read

Carnot Engine And Carnot Theorem

1. Basics of Heat Engines

[NCERT Physics, Class 11, Chapter 12: Thermodynamics]
Heat: Transfer of thermal energy between systems due to temperature differences
Internal Energy: Total kinetic and potential energy of particles within a system
Work: Transfer of energy between systems through forces acting over a distance
Efficiency: Ratio of useful work output to the heat input in a heat engine

2. Reversible and Irreversible Processes

[NCERT Physics, Class 12, Chapter 14: Thermodynamics]
Reversible Processes: Processes that can be reversed without leaving any net change in the system or surroundings
Entropy: Measure of disorder or randomness in a system; changes in entropy indicate the degree of irreversibility
Irreversible Processes: Processes that cannot be reversed without leaving a net change in the system or surroundings; examples include friction, heat conduction, and chemical reactions

3. Carnot Cycle

January 1, 0001 read

Cell Structure And Function Biomolecules

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Based on your current topic, we recommend studying:

Cell Cycle and Cell Division - Continue your cell biology journey
The Unit of Life - Deep dive into cell theory
Human Physiology - Neural Control - Connect cell biology to organ systems

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After completing this topic, students typically explore:

Chemical Thermodynamics - For energy metabolism understanding
Structure of the Atom - For atomic basis of biomolecules
Plant Physiology - Photosynthesis - Compare with plant cell processes

Personalized Learning Path

Foundational: Complete this cell structure and biomolecules topic
Next Level: Study cell division processes
Advanced: Explore cellular signaling and transport
Application: Connect to human physiology systems

Quick Practice

🎯 NEET Focus Areas

High Weightage: Cell organelles and their functions (15-20 questions)
Important: Biomolecules structure and function (10-12 questions)
Key Concepts: Cell theory, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells (8-10 questions)

January 1, 0001 read

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques

In the previous unit you have learnt that the element carbon has the unique property called catenation due to which it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. It also forms covalent bonds with atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens. The resulting compounds are studied under a separate branch of chemistry called organic chemistry. This unit incorporates some basic principles and techniques of analysis required for understanding the formation and properties of organic compounds.

January 1, 0001 read

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques

Exercise

12.1 What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ? $\mathrm{CH_2}=\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{CH_3} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH_2}$, $\left(\mathrm{CH_3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}, \mathrm{CH_2}=\mathrm{CHCN}, \mathrm{C_6} \mathrm{H_6}$

Show Answer

Answer

(i) $\stackrel{1}{C} H_2=\stackrel{2}{C}=0$

C- 1 is $s p^{2}$ hybridised.

C- 2 is sp hybridised.

(ii)

$\stackrel{1}{C} H_3-\stackrel{2}{C} H=\stackrel{3}{C} H_2$

C- 1 is $s p^{3}$ hybridised.

C- 2 is $s p^{2}$ hybridised.

C- 3 is $s p^{2}$ hybridised.

(iii)

January 1, 0001 read

Chapter 14 Waves

14.1 INTRODUCTION [278-280]

In the previous Chapter, we studied the motion of objects oscillating in isolation. What happens in a system, which is a collection of such objects? A material medium provides such an example. Here, elastic forces bind the constituents to each other and, therefore, the motion of one affects that of the other. If you drop a little pebble in a pond of still water, the water surface gets disturbed. The disturbance does not remain confined to one place, but propagates outward along a circle. If you continue dropping pebbles in the pond, you see circles rapidly moving outward from the point where the water surface is disturbed. It gives a feeling as if the water is moving outward from the point of disturbance. If you put some cork pieces on the disturbed surface, it is seen that the cork pieces move up and down but do not move away from the centre of disturbance. This shows that the water mass does not flow outward with the circles, but rather a moving disturbance is created. Similarly, when we speak, the sound moves outward from us, without any flow of air from one part of the medium to another. The disturbances produced in air are much less obvious and only our ears or a microphone can detect them. These patterns, which move without the actual physical transfer or flow of matter as a whole, are called waves. In this Chapter, we will study such waves.

January 1, 0001 read

Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonding

Formation and properties of ionic compounds:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 81-84.
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 8, page 201-206.
Lattice energy and its calculation:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 8, page 210-214.
Born-Haber cycle and its applications:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 8, page 205-207.
Polarizing power and its effects:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 9, page 231-234.

2. Covalent Bonding:

Lewis dot structure and their significance:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 72-78.
Valence bond theory and its postulates:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 78-81.
Hybridization of atomic orbitals and its consequences:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 84-88.
Molecular orbital theory and its applications:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 89-96.
Delocalization of electrons and resonance structures:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 12, page 301-310.

3. Hydrogen Bonding:

Nature and types of hydrogen bonds:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 112-115.
Hydrogen bonding in various compounds and its impact on their properties:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 115-119.
Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 118-119.

4. Van der Waals Forces:

London dispersion forces and their origin:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 109-110.
Dipole-dipole interactions and their significance:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 109-110.
Induced dipole-dipole interactions and their effects:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 111.

5. Metallic Bonding:

Electron sea model and its implications:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 120-121.
Metallic properties and their relation to metallic bonding:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 121-122.
Alloys and their formations:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 6, page 163-166.

6. Bond Parameters:

Bond length, bond angle, and bond energy:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 97-100.
Trends in bond parameters across the periodic table:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 97-100.

7. Chemical Bonding and Physical Properties:

Relationship between chemical bonding and physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, solubility, and electrical conductivity:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 122-124

8. Molecular Structure and Bonding:

VSEPR theory and its predictions:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 100-106.
Shapes of molecules and their implications:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 4, page 100-106.
Polarity of molecules and its determinations:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 11, page 267-273.

9. Quantum Mechanical Approach to Bonding:

Basic concepts of quantum mechanics:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 12, page 279-282.
Wave-particle duality and its implications:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 12, page 282-284.
Schrödinger equation and its applications:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 12, page 284-292.

10. Bonding in Coordination Compounds:

Werner’s coordination theory:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 9, page 235-238.
Ligands and their classifications:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 9, page 227-231.
Coordination complexes and their structures:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 9, page 238-245.
Crystal field theory and its applications:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 9, page 246-255.

11. Bond Energetics

Bond dissociation energy and its significance:
NCERT Chemistry class 11, chapter 5, page 141-142.
Thermochemistry of chemical reactions:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 1, page 11-20.
Hess’s law and its applications:
NCERT Chemistry class 12, chapter 1, page 19-20.

January 1, 0001 read

Chemical Equillibrium

1. Basic Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium

Definition of chemical equilibrium and the concept of dynamic equilibrium. (NCERT Class 11, Chapter 4, Page 133)
Factors affecting chemical equilibrium: temperature, pressure, and concentration. (NCERT Class 12, Chapter 4, Page 213)

2. Equilibrium Constants

Understanding equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance. (NCERT Class 12, Chapter 4, Pages 213-214)
Calculation of equilibrium constants from reaction stoichiometry. (NCERT Class 12, Chapter 4, Pages 214-215)
Relationship between equilibrium constants and the extent of reaction. (NCERT Class 12, Chapter 4, Pages 216-217)

3. Le Chatelier’s Principle

January 1, 0001 read

Chemical Thermodynamics

1. :

Open systems: exchange energy and matter with surroundings
Closed systems: exchange only energy
Isolated systems: no exchange of energy or matter

2. :

State functions: values depend on the state of the system, not the path taken to reach that state
Path functions: values depend on the specific path taken to change the state

3. The :

Energy is conserved within an isolated system

4. :

H = U + PV; represents the total heat content of a system

5. :

January 1, 0001 read

Chemical Thermodynamics

1. Laws of Thermodynamics:

Zeroth law of thermodynamics (NCERT Class 11, Chapter 12): Defines thermal equilibrium as a state where no net flow of heat occurs between two systems in contact.
First law of thermodynamics (NCERT Class 11, Chapter 12): States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be transferred from one form to another. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
```
ΔU = q + w
```

where ΔU is the change in internal energy, q is the heat absorbed by the system, and w is the work done by the system.

January 1, 0001 read

Chemistry Of Main Group Elements

Group 1: Alkali metals

Highly reactive
Low ionization energy
Forms 1+ ions Examples: Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K)

Group 2: Alkaline earth metals

Less reactive than alkali metals
Higher ionization energy
Forms 2+ ions Examples: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Strontium (Sr)

Group 13: Boron group

Covalent compounds
Electron deficient
Forms halides, hydrides, and oxides Examples: Boron (B), Aluminum (Al), Gallium (Ga)

Group 14: Carbon group

Tetravalent
Forms covalent compounds
Includes diamond, graphite, and silicon Examples: Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge)

Group 15: Nitrogen group

January 1, 0001 read

Concept Of Charge And Coulombs Law Topic

NEET - Level

1. Two charges, +2 µC and -4 µC, are separated by a distance of 10 cm in air. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force between them. Shortcut: Use the formula |Kq1q2|/r^2, where K is Coulomb’s constant (9 x 10^9 N m^2/C^2), q1 and q2 are the charges in coulombs, and r is the distance between the charges in meters. Solution: Plug in the values: (9 x 10^9 N m^2/C^2)(2 x 10^-6 C)(-4 x 10^-6 C) / (0.1 m)^2 Simplify: (9 x 10^9 N m^2/C^2)(8 x 10^-12 C^2) / (0.01 m^2) Result: 72 x 10^-3 N = 72 mN Therefore, the magnitude of the electrostatic force between the charges is 72 mN.

January 1, 0001 read

Cell Structure And Function Biomolecules

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Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques

Exercise

Chapter 14 Waves

14.1 INTRODUCTION [278-280]

Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonding

2. Covalent Bonding:

3. Hydrogen Bonding:

4. Van der Waals Forces:

5. Metallic Bonding:

6. Bond Parameters:

7. Chemical Bonding and Physical Properties:

8. Molecular Structure and Bonding:

9. Quantum Mechanical Approach to Bonding:

10. Bonding in Coordination Compounds:

11. Bond Energetics

Biomolecules

Carnot Engine And Carnot Theorem

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques

Chemical Equillibrium

Chemical Thermodynamics

Chemical Thermodynamics

Chemistry Of Main Group Elements

Concept Of Charge And Coulombs Law Topic

Medical Preparation

NCERT Books & Solutions

Important Resources

Other Resources

Syllabus

Mentorship

NCERT Exercise Video Solution

Forum

For International Students

Get In Touch

Biomolecules

Carnot Engine And Carnot Theorem

Cell Structure And Function Biomolecules

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Related Content#

Students Also Studied#

Personalized Learning Path#

Quick Practice#

🎯 NEET Focus Areas#

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques

Exercise#

Chapter 14 Waves

14.1 INTRODUCTION [278-280]#

Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonding#

2. Covalent Bonding:#

3. Hydrogen Bonding:#

4. Van der Waals Forces:#

5. Metallic Bonding:#

6. Bond Parameters:#

7. Chemical Bonding and Physical Properties:#

8. Molecular Structure and Bonding:#

9. Quantum Mechanical Approach to Bonding:#

10. Bonding in Coordination Compounds:#

11. Bond Energetics#

Chemical Equillibrium

Chemical Thermodynamics

Chemical Thermodynamics

Chemistry Of Main Group Elements

Concept Of Charge And Coulombs Law Topic

Medical Preparation

NCERT Books & Solutions

Important Resources

Other Resources

Syllabus

Mentorship

NCERT Exercise Video Solution

Forum

For International Students

Get In Touch

Menu

🧠 Smart Recommendations

Related Content

Students Also Studied

Personalized Learning Path

Quick Practice

🎯 NEET Focus Areas

Exercise

14.1 INTRODUCTION [278-280]

1. Ionic Bonding

2. Covalent Bonding:

3. Hydrogen Bonding:

4. Van der Waals Forces:

5. Metallic Bonding:

6. Bond Parameters:

7. Chemical Bonding and Physical Properties:

8. Molecular Structure and Bonding:

9. Quantum Mechanical Approach to Bonding:

10. Bonding in Coordination Compounds:

11. Bond Energetics